Rome Intro AristocracyDemocracyEmpire CHW 3 M Ms Gluskin

Rome – Intro – Aristocracy/Democracy/Empire CHW 3 M Ms. Gluskin York Mills CI

A Practical and Monumental Civilization Public toilets at Ostia, 40 BCE Affordable Housing Institute: US. The Economics of Water: Part 5 – Roman Municipal Finance. 2012. http: //affordablehousinginstitute. org/blogs/us/2008/04/theeconomics-of-water-part-5 -roman-municipal-finance. html (March 29, 2012). Arena in Pompeii Nappo Salvatore Ciro, A Pompeii: Its discovery and preservation, BBC History, 2011, http: //www. bbc. co. uk/history/ancient/romans/pompeii_rediscovery_01. shtml (Oct. 26, 2015).

Familiar To Many People… Colosseum, amphitheatre in Rome Keith Hopkins, The Colosseum: Emblem of Rome, BBC History, 2011, http: //www. bbc. co. uk/history/ancient/romans/colosseum_01. shtml (April 1, 2013). Aqueduct in Segovia, Spain PBS, Building Big, Tunnel Basics, Ancient Roman Aqueduct, 2001, http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/buildingbig/tunnel/aqueduct. html (April 1, 2013).

Our Trial of the assassins of Julius Caesar, held after he was killed in 44 BCE l This trial will pit two “interpretations” of Rome against each other l Caesar and his plebeian supporters and loyalists in the army Brutus and his friends in the Senate The republic isn’t working anymore – ordinary people matter too – and what’s the big deal if Caesar has dictator-like powers? The Senate should retain its power – Caesar is king-like and Romans hate kings!

Timeline of Republic 700 s BCE – Etruscan civilization 753 BCE – Founding of Rome Monarchy (some of the kings were Etruscan and had a bad reputation) 509 BCE – Roman Republic begins Republic = form of government with no monarchy

Timeline of Empire 44 BCE – End of Republic – beginning of Empire First Century CE – rule of Augustus, Nero Second Century CE – rule of Trajan, Hadrian, Aurelius Second Century CE – rule of Diocletian, Constantine 476 CE – End of the empire in the west 1453 – End of the empire in the east

Republic = Res publica (public affair) 44 BCE: Rome at the end of the Republic – already an empire in all but name Romulus and Remus, legendary founders of Rome About. com. Legendary Rome Timeline. 2012. http: //ancienthistory. about. com/od/romehistory/tp/Legendar y-Rome-Timeline. htm (March 29, 2012). Metropolitan Museum. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Roman Republic. 2000. http: //www. metmuseum. org/toah/hd/romr/hd_romr. htm (March 29, 2012).

Theme #1: Growth & Expansion began from the city of Rome (red dot) circa 500 BCE and extended to the purple, pink and yellow areas by the end of the republic (44 BCE) W. W. Norton Publishing, Ralph's World Civilizations Chapter 9, 1997,

Geographic Features That Affected Rome’s Development Physical map of Europe Free Maps of the World. Physical Map of Europe. N. d. , http: //www. freeworldmaps. net/europe/index. html (April 2, 2012).

Julius Caesar’s Conquest of Gaul, 57 BCE Joshua A. Mark, “Julius Caesar, ” Ancient History Encyclopedia, April 28, 2011, https: //www. ancient. eu/Julius_Caesar/ (original source is US Military Academy, 2011)

The Alps l These mountains separated Rome from the rest of Europe l Po River was seen as a border dividing civilized Rome from northern “barbarians” l Therefore: Rome felt protected by these mountains, possibly superior l There were invasions, however l

Alps Hannibal crossing the Alps Archaeology Photoblog. Hannibal In the Alps. Stanford Alpine Archaeology Project: 1994 -2006. http: //traumwerk. stanford. edu/archaeolog/2006/04/hannibal_in_the_alps_stanford_1. html(March 29, 2012).

Theme #2: Romanization = spread of Roman values and culture Roman bath in Bath, England. Will all conquered areas be happy to be part of the empire? Will they get the benefits of being part of the empire? Will they become Roman? Bath and Northeast Somerset Council, The Roman Baths, Bath, N. d. http: //www. romanbaths. co. uk/ (March 30, 2013).

Theme #3: Importance of Citizenship Privileges of citizenship – see pages 176177 in textbook Ruins of the Pompeii Forum, where citizens came to meet John J. Dobbins, The Forum at Pompeii, 2006, http: //pompeii. virginia. edu/forummap. html (Oct. 26, 2015)

Privileges of Roman Citizenship l Protected in law from random power of magistrates l Child of father citizen is citizen (if…) l Less taxes, no tribute payment l Slave freed by citizen is citizen (if…)

Theme #4: The Fight for Power – Patricians vs. Plebeians l l Plebeian = common person Patrician = aristocrat, noble l The plebeians went on strike from the army for better treatment from the Senate, especially the harshness of debt law. l This resulted in the creation of two new positions, Tribunes, specially for plebeians. But they still felt like the patricians controlled the unfair laws. l l This resulted in the publicizing of the laws, the Twelve Tables (law code from 450 BCE). They were still unfair to the plebeians. l Table XI. 1. Marriages should not take place between plebeians and patricians. The plebeians were still unhappy and went on strike again. l With two plebeian-friendly consuls in power, the marriage law was changed. Oliver J. Thatcher, ed. , The Library of Original Sources (Milwaukee: University Research Extension Co. , 1901), Vol. III: The Roman World, pp. 9 -11. In Paul Halsall, Ancient History Sourcebook: The Roman Republic: The Twelve Tables http: //www. fordham. edu/halsall/ancient/12 tables. html (June 1998), August 10, 2002; http: //www. forumromanum. org/history/morey 08. html

Theme #5: Complicated Form of Government in Republic l Elements of monarchy – but they hate kings {rex=king} l [2 Consuls and other magistrates] l Elements of aristocracy – but not 100% pure power for patricians l [Senate] l Elements of democracy – but not direct democracy like in Athens l [committees and tribunes = reps of the plebs]

Balanced Government? 2 Consuls + other magistrates (gov’t officials) Monarchical Numerous elected Committees Councils, Tribunes Aristocratic Democratic

Magistrates (gov’t officials) see p. 169 Magistrates want to climb the Cursus Honorum SENATE is at the top as the “prize” and it has the most power Census and censorship Army Justice, relations between Romans and non-Romans Censors Consuls = most power Praetors Roads, water, etc. Financial matters Dictator not on the cursus honorum Aediles Quaestors

Dictator l Not l a normal position on the Cursus Only for time of crisis such as war l Supposed l to be temporary 6 months What could this lead to?

Theme #6: Roman State Religion The concrete dome of the Pantheon, a temple originally built to honour all of the Roman gods. Later it was turned into a Christian Church. Emperor Augustus dressed as a Roman priest • • • Ritualistic, polytheistic religion People wanted the gods’ approval Priests (pontiffs) Sacrifices Taking of auspices (e. g. , reading the liver of birds to predict the future, watching the direction birds flew) Mc. Gill Architecture, Pantheon Rome, 2005, http: //www. arch. mcgill. ca/prof/sijpkes/abc-structures-2005/Lectures-2005/termwork/50 -questions/sixth-five. html (March 30, 2013); Nigel Pollard, BBC History: Roman Religion Gallery, 2011, http: //www. bbc. co. uk/history/ancient/romans/roman_religion_gallery_04. shtml (Oct. 30, 2015).

Homework Day 1: l Take notes on 172 -176: Importance of Gauls, Sicily and southern Spain l Carthaginians, Hannibal l Scipio Africanus l Addition of eastern territory l Coloniae l Via Appia l

Homework Takeup: 172 -176 l Name two societies that at one point defeated the Romans. l Name two societies the Romans defeated. l What was the importance of coloniae to the Romans? l How did roads help Romanize the Italian peninsula?

War vs. Carthage – Expansion 264 -146 BCE Encyclopedia Britannica, “Punic Wars, ” April 2, 2018, https: //www. ancient. eu/Julius_Caesar/