Rome began transition from Republic to Empire Empire
§ Rome began transition from Republic to Empire § Empire is defined as “A large political unit in which the elites are distinctive from their subject people” § Macedonia joined Hannibal, bringing North Africa, Iberia, and Greece under Roman Rule § Rise of Octavian marked end of the Republic
§ Conquest of Carthage and Greece byproduct of Punic Wars, not a goal § Further expansion similarly unplanned: § Power in Greece brought Rome into conflicts with the successor Kingdoms (Alexander) § Continued threat from Gaul
§ Empire required Garrisons to solidify rule § Legionnaire service extended to meet manpower requirements § New government systems required to exploit new lands
§ Number of wars dramatically decreased § Politicians worried about a loss of military virtue § Conquests became less common but larger § Took longer to pacify § Garrisons tied down available forces § Politicians blocked rivals
§ New conquests not public land, but slaves still poured in § This increased the gap between rich and poor, spiraling many into homelessness § Huge estates resulted in slave revolts § Most famously Sparticus § Increased benefits of Roman citizenship caused civil wars with allies
§ Marius was a Roman politician and realized Rome needed more manpower § He eliminated land requirements to join and supplied men with arms § Created a standing army § Standardized equipment and training § Offered retirement benefits
§ Cohort became the basic unit § This combined a maniple of hastate, principes, and triari § 10 Cohorts became a legion § 450 -500 men in each cohort § Includes Cavalry § Still used checkerboard but smaller gaps to create a more continuous front
§ Poor began serving disproportionately § Commanders began rewarding men § Increasing loyalty = Private Armies § Distinction of troops by age and wealth disappeared
§ As citizenship and slave revolts ended, Political Civil Wars started § This was an attempt for politicians to gain power and glory § Made possible by increasing loyal/private armies § These first major conflicts involved Marius and his rival Sulla § Sulla would march on Rome multiple times § The most famous civil war being that of the First Triumvirate with Julius Caesar
§ Patrician § Served in Army and Senate § Ran for Consul § Formed an alliance, First Triumvirate, to rule Rome
Julius Caesar Skilled Politician Crassus Pompey the Great Richest Man in Rome Military Might
§ Caesar uses his influence to become Governor of Gaul § Caesar was in debt and wanted to extort Gaul’s wealth § He raised four legions from Southern Gaul § Gaul was divided and made for an easy target
§ Slowly conquered Gallic lands § Crossed the Rhine to punish Germanic tribes § Crossed into Britain with minor success § Gaulic leader Vercingetorix started a revolt § Added other tribes to his army § Had initial success pursuing guerilla warfare § Vercingetorix retreated to Alesia for the winter § Caesar pursued and laid siege to the city
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§ Caesar’s daughter (Pompey’s wife) died in child birth § Crassus died battle the Parthians § Pompey broke alliance with Caesar § Pompey named as sole consul and broke alliance with Caesar *Legend had it he was forced to drink molten metal
§ Fearful of Caesar, the senate ordered him to disband his army § Caesar said he would, if Pompey did as well § Senate threatened to declare a traitor § Previously tried to charge him with corruption (and war crimes) but vetoed by Mark Antony § Caesar could § A)Enter Rome without and Army and be arrested § B)Keep his army
§ Caesar crosses the Rubicon river and says “The Die is Cast” an act of war § He has with him one legion § Pompey retreated from Rome, showing weakness § Caesar trapped Pompey’s allied army, who joined him (4 legions now) § Pompey went to Greece, Caesar to Iberia § Defeated Pompey’s allies, 7 Legions surrendered
§ JC was now pursuing him into Greece § Pompey 3 options § Allie with Parthia (Persia) § Invade Italy § Fight Caesar § Decided to Fight JC § Defeated Caesar at the Battle of Dyrrhachium § JC moved into Thessaly to link with additional armies § Pompey pursued and met at Pharsalus
Caesar Pompey § 22, 000 Legionaries § 40, 000 Legionaries § 8, 000 Allies § 4, 200 Allies § 1, 800 Calvary § 6, 500 Calvary
§ Pompey § 3 lines, ten deep § Massed Calvary on the left § Wanted to wait Caesars charge, use Calvary as hammer and anvil § Caesar § 3 lines, 6 deep § Calvary and a fourth line on the right to counter Pompey’s superior Calvary § Ordered Third line not to charge until ordered
§ The front two lines of Caesars Army engaged Pompey’s infantry § Pompey’s Cavalry attacked JC’s cavalry but hidden 4 th line emerged, and stabbed Cavalry with javelins and routes Pompey’s cavalry § Caesar ordered his third line to attack, breaking Pompey’s now exposed left wing § Pompey flees to Egypt, his army destroyed § Caesar lose 230, Pompey 15, 000
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§ Pompey was trying to get money and men to continue the fight § Caesar was relentless and he was not able to gather a force § Eventually went to Egypt, as Pharaoh Ptolemy XIII’s father owed Pompey § Pharaoh Ptolemy was at war with his sister Cleopatra
§ If he excepted Pompey, he becomes a master and Caesar an enemy § If he sends him away, Pompey and Caesar both blame Egypt § If he kills Pompey, friend of Caesar and Pompey not a threat
§ Caesar is furious that they killed Pompey § He wants to pardon Pompey, to show benevolence § In addition, he is “charmed” by Cleopatra and overthrows the Pharaoh § They have a son
§ Pompey’s allies continued the fight § Forced JC to deal with mutinous legions § This included heavy fighting in North Africa and Iberia § Partially because Caesar already pardoned them once
§ Named Dictator for Life § Gave land to his legions § Reformed the debt of many Romans § Rewarded families for having many children § Rebuilt Carthage and Corinth § Created a new Calendar § Mobilized Huge army to attack Parthia and Dacians
§ Senators claimed to be saving the Republic § Miscalculated the peoples love Caesar § Would eventually lead to the end of the Republic
Roman Republic (509 BCE – 27 BCE) Roman Empire (27 BCE ? ? ? ) Roman Empire Roman Republic (201 BCE (509 BCE – 27 ? ? ) BCE)
§ Mark Antony and Caesar’s heir Octavian begin chase down and defeat the assassins § They form the Second Triumvirate § Ends as well as the first § Mark Antony and Cleopatra face off against Octavius § This is known as the Battle of Actium
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