Rome and Early Christianity Warmup them minds Section

Rome and Early Christianity Warm-up them minds Section 2 1. Explain the difference between Patricians and Plebeians. 2. How was the Roman Republic different from a Monarchy? 3. What were the geographic advantages of Rome’s location? 4. What was the role of the Consul? 5. When could a dictator be selected? 6. How is a “republic” different than a direct democracy?

Rome and Early Christianity Section 2 From Republic to Empire Main Idea Governmental and social problems led to the end of the Roman Republic and the creation of a new form of government. Reading Focus • What problems did leaders face in the late Roman Republic? • How did Rome become an empire? • What helped tie the Roman empire together during the Pax Romana?

Rome and Early Christianity Section 2 Problems in the Late Republic By the mid-100 s BC, Rome had NO outside rival…but it will be internal conflicts that bring the Republic down. Public Land Social Unrest • Tensions grew between social classes • Slave revolts Soldier-Farmers • mistreatment of soldier-farmers • Many reduced to poverty • Land conquered by army was given to generals and government officials • Tiberius Gracchi tried to give back public land to farmers • Had public support, but Senate feared this and killed him • Why would senate fear him? ? ?

Rome and Early Christianity Section 2

Rome and Early Christianity Section 2 Summarize **And write this down** What challenges did Rome face in the late Republic? Answer(s): slave revolts, social unrest, the Social War, and a civil war

Rome and Early Christianity Section 2 Rome Becomes an Empire The end of the Republic resulted from the ambitions of a few individuals. The First Triumvirate • Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus helped bring end to Republic • Caesar, Pompey successful military commanders • Crassus one of wealthiest people in Rome • 60 BC, the three took over Roman state, ruled as First Triumvirate End of Triumvirate • Crassus died; Pompey, Caesar fought civil war • Caesar defeated Pompey, took full control of Rome, became dictator for life, 44 BC • Caesar brought many popular changes to Rome • Caesar went on to add new conquests to Rome

Section 2 Rome and Early Christianity Caesar named Dictator! • In Rome, the Senate elected • Most Roman’s believed Caesar’s rule was better Caesar dictator, consul, than the chaos that had tribune, sole commander of gone before, even though the army, and chief of the it violated the Republic’s city’s treasury. constitution. • He built new temples, libraries, and buildings. Video • But not everyone was pleased with Caesar’s accomplishments…

Section 2 Rome and Early Christianity Et tu Brute? ! • Other Romans, especially the Senators hated Caesar and plotted to get rid of him. – When Caesar brought Cleopatra to Rome and had a statue of her placed in a temple, his opponents were outraged • A group of disgruntled Senators made a plan to kill him, on March 15 44 B. C. • Pretending they wanted to question him about a petition, they gathered around him in the Senate chambers. – They had daggers hidden in their togas. • Caesar saw his “friend” Brutus with a dagger, his last words were “et tu Brute” (you too Brutus? ) – Video – Horrible Histories video

Rome and Early Christianity Section 2

Rome and Early Christianity Section 2 The Second Triumvirate • Caesar’s murder did not save the Republic • 43 BC, Second Triumvirate took power—Caesar’s adopted son, Octavian; loyal officer Marc Antony; priest Lepidus • Lepidus pushed aside; Antony, Octavian agreed to govern half the empire each, Octavian in west, Antony in East Civil War • Civil war between Octavian, Antony broke out • Octavian defeated Antony and his ally, Egypt’s Queen Cleopatra • Cleopatra, Antony committed suicide; Octavian alone controlled Rome • Republic effectively dead; new period in Roman history beginning

Rome and Early Christianity Section 2 Check… 1… 2… 1. What challenges did Rome face in the LATE REPUBLIC? 2. What happened to all of the land that the Roman military conquered…who was it given to? 3. What was the First Triumvirate? 4. What happened when the First Triumvirate ended?

Rome and Early Christianity Section 2 Rome Has a New Leader New Political Order Octavian Takes Power • Octavian faced task of restoring order in empire Video • Octavian decided it impossible to return Rome to republican form of government • Created new political system—the empire Principate • Octavian careful to avoid title of king or emperor • Called himself princeps, “first citizen” • Government called Principate New Title • 27 BC, Senate gave Octavian title Augustus, “exalted one” • Title a religious honor; able to wear laurel and oak leaf crown

Rome and Early Christianity Section 2 Accomplishments of Augustus • Encouraged trade • Common coinage • Civil Service jobs—grain supply, postal system, tax collection – Done by plebeians and former slaves • Buildings and monuments

Rome and Early Christianity Section 2

Rome and Early Christianity Section 2 Explain **And write this down** What aspects of Roman society remained similar from Republic to Empire? Answer(s): wide inequality and gap from Rich and poor,

Section 2 Rome and Early Christianity The Pax Romana The period from the beginning of August’s reign in 27 BC until the death of the last of the Good Emperors in AD 180 is often called the Pax Romana—the Roman Peace—time of stable government, a strong legal system, increased trade, and peace. Government • Roman government strongest unifying force in empire • Maintained order, enforced laws, defended frontiers • Aristocracy participated, but emperors made all important decisions Provinces • Empire divided into provinces ruled by governors appointed from Rome • Government in Rome kept close check on governors • Any citizen could appeal unfair treatment directly to emperor Empire brought uniformity to the cities of the Mediterranean world, which were governed in imitation of Rome.

Rome and Early Christianity Section 2 Teenage Life in Rome Analyze How did government, law, and trade tie the Roman people together? Answer(s): The Roman government unified the people enforcing the laws, and defending the frontiers. Roman law provided stability and, with few exceptions, the same laws applied to everyone in the empire. Trade provided opportunities for business between people in different parts of the empire.