Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome and

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 The Foundations of Rome Preview • Starting Points Map: Italy and the Mediterranean • Main Idea / Reading Focus • Roman Civilization Develops • Quick Facts: Etruscan Influences • Rome Becomes a Republic • Quick Facts: Checks and Balances in the Roman Government • The Republic Expands • Faces of History: Two Commanders of the Punic Wars

Rome and Early Christianity Click the icon to play Listen to History audio. Click the icon below to connect to the Interactive Maps. Section 1

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 The Foundations of Rome Main Idea From a small town on the banks of an Italian river, Rome grew to control the entire Mediterranean region. Reading Focus • Where and how did Roman civilization develop? • What led to Rome’s becoming a republic? • What were the major events in Rome’s expansion?

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Roman Civilization Develops “All roads lead to Rome. ” “Rome was not built in a day. ” “When in Rome. . . ” How did Rome win such a place in modern popular culture? Italy’s Geography • Peninsula logical place for emergence of mighty empire – Juts south from Europe far into Mediterranean Sea – Lies almost halfway between eastern, western boundaries of the sea – Protected by mountains, sea – Rich soil, mild climate The Founding of Rome • Legend: Romulus and Remus, twin brothers raised by shewolf; founded city 753 BC • Members of Indo-European tribe, Latins, reached Italy 1000 s BC; built Rome • City prospered partly from location on Tiber River • Valuable trade routes, easy access to sea

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 The Etruscans • Rome first ruled by Latin Kings • Came under Etruscan rule, 600 BC • Etruscans came from northern Italy – Evidence found at cemeteries indicates Etruscans great metalworkers, jewelers – Etruscan culture heavily influenced by Greeks • Etruscans had great influence on Roman society

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Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Summarize What advantages did Rome’s location give the city? Answer(s): protected by mountains; sea provided protection and transportation; had rich soil, pleasant climate; located on major trade routes; Tiber River provided easy access to the sea

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome Becomes a Republic Etruscan Rule Ends • Etruscans ruled Rome until about 509 BC • Romans revolted, threw out last of kings, setup new type of government • Republic—elected officials governed state Patricians • In early days, heads of a few aristocratic families, patricians, elected officials • Patrician families controlled all society—politics, religion, economics, military • Maintained power through patronage system Plebeians • From beginning, common people, plebeians, challenged patricians for power • Invaders threatened 494 BC; plebeians refused to fight until changes made • Patricians knew they would have no army, expanded plebeian rights

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Plebeian Council • After receiving new rights, plebeians formed own assembly, Plebeian Council, to oversee affairs and protect interests • Gained right to elect officials known as tribunes • Tribunes’ job—protect against unjust treatment by patrician officials • Gained right to veto—ban laws that seemed harmful, unjust Laws • 450 BC, plebeians forced patricians to have all laws written down • Laws displayed in Roman Forum, central square, on 12 large bronze tablets • Because laws were posted, patrician judges could not make decisions based on own opinions or secret laws • One new law banned marriage between patricians and plebeians

Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Republican Government New Offices and Institutions • Patricians, plebeians worked out practical constitution • Created new offices of government • Consisted of three parts: Senate, popular assemblies, magistrates • Initially dominated by patricians; all state offices later open to both patricians, plebeians Elements of Government • Senate: 300 members, advised elected officials, controlled public finances, handled all foreign relations • Popular assemblies: in these all citizens voted on laws, elected officials • Magistrates: governed in name of Senate and people, put laws into practice, acted as priests

Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Governing Details Consuls • When last king thrown out, his place taken by two magistrates called consuls • Elected for one year; chief executives, army commanders Praetors • Primarily judges, could act for consuls if consuls away at war • After terms ended, given military commands, appointed provisional governors Censors • Next most important after consuls • Recorded wealth, residence of population • Filled vacancies in Senate Constraints • Government worked well because of system of checks, balances • Each part could impose certain constraints on others

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Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Life in the Republic During the days of the Roman Republic, Rome was a thriving and vibrant city. At its heart was the Forum, the public square and site of the most important government buildings and temples. Location • Nestled between two hills: Palatine, Capitoline • Palatine, where wealthy lived • Capitoline, where grandest temples were Political Center • City leaders often found in Forum mingling with common people • Senate met in Forum • Key public addresses made there Busy Place • Forum more than just political center • Popular place for shopping, gossip • Busy shops lined either side of Forum • Public celebrations usually held there

Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Agrarian Roots • Despite bustling nature of city, Romans prided themselves on connection with soil • Farming, landownership the noblest ways to make money • Senators forbidden to participate in any career that did not involve land, could not engage in commerce Legend of Early Republic • Roman tie to land illustrated in legend of early Republic • Romans turned to greatest general, Cincinnatus, to save them from invasion • Cincinnatus plowing fields at the time Return to Farm • People made Cincinnatus dictator • Office of dictator had nearly unlimited power but could be held for only six months • Cincinnatus defeated enemies and returned to farm • Had no interest in retaining power

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Draw Conclusions Why do you think the Romans established a republic? Answer(s): possible answer—They wanted a system of laws to keep peace within their expanding empire.

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 The Republic Expands Growth • As Rome’s government changed, the Roman population continued to grow • Rome needed more land for expanding population • Began to settle surplus population on land acquired by conquering neighbors Military Might • Successful expansion not possible without powerful army • All Roman men between ages 17 and 46 with minimum amount of property required to serve in army during times of war Roman Army • Organized into units called legions, backbone of which were centurions • Centurions: noncommissioned officers who each commanded 100 men • Army highly disciplined, well-trained force, could fight in all types of terrain

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 The Conquest of Italy • 265 BC, Romans had defeated Etruscans and Greek cities in Southern Italy • Romans imposed two strict conditions on subject people—subjects had to provide troops for Roman army, abandon any dealings with foreign nations • Other than those conditions, Rome rarely interfered with domestic affairs of people it conquered Sicily • Once in control of Italy, Rome turned attention to Sicily, large island to south of Italian Peninsula • In Sicily, Rome came into conflict with Carthage, powerful North African trading city • Conflict grew into series of three wars • Punic Wars raged for nearly 80 years

Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity The Punic Wars Violence between Rome and Carthage broke out in 264 BC. Because the First Punic War was fought mostly at sea, Carthage’s powerful navy dominated the early fighting. Soon, however, the Romans built a navy of their own and were able to defeat Carthage. Hannibal • Violence soon broke out again • 218 BC, Carthaginian general Hannibal led army across Pyrenees, Alps to invade Italy • Hannibal ravaged Italy, defeated every army he faced • Romans needed new strategy Scipio • Romans decided to take war to Africa • General Publius Cornelius Scipio sailed to Africa, besieged Carthage • Forced Hannibal to sail home • Scipio defeated Hannibal, took Carthage, won Second Punic War The Romans had defeated Carthage, but it did not destroy the city as many citizens had wanted.

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Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Carthage Falls Huge losses of Second Punic War remained in memories of many Romans • 149 BC Rome decided to destroy old enemy once and for all – Declared war on Carthage for third time – After siege of three years, Carthage fell – Romans enslaved entire population, completely destroyed city – They banned any people from living there

Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity The Conquest of Greece • Punic Wars raged in western republic; Rome involved in politics of eastern Mediterranean • Hellenistic kingdoms of Macedonia, Persia, and Egypt fought constantly; Greek city-states feared being conquered • City-states sought alliance with Rome Macedonia, Persia • Romans, Greek allies fought, and defeated Macedonia, Persia • Both became Roman provinces • Eventually Romans annexed Greece as province as well • Romans adopted many elements of Greek culture, particularly art Greek Culture • Romans also borrowed ideas of religion from Greeks, adopted their gods but changed the names • Not all Romans happy with growing Greek influence, thought Rome should remain purely Roman • Influence continued for many years

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Sequence How did Rome come to dominate the Mediterranean world? Answer(s): by conquering its Mediterranean neighbors, including Carthage and Greece

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 From Republic to Empire Preview • Main Idea / Reading Focus • Problems in the Late Republic • Rome Becomes an Empire • Map: The Roman Empire • The Pax Romana

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 From Republic to Empire Main Idea Governmental and social problems led to the end of the Roman Republic and the creation of a new form of government. Reading Focus • What problems did leaders face in the late Roman Republic? • How did Rome become an empire? • What helped tie the Roman empire together during the Pax Romana?

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Problems in the Late Republic By the mid-100 s BC, Rome had no rival anywhere in the Mediterranean world. However, the responsibilities of running their vast holdings stretched the Roman political system to its limits. Social Unrest • Revolution began in political, social institutions • Tensions grew between classes of Roman society • Gracchi brothers tried to resolve tension Soldier-Farmers • Tribune Tiberius Gracchus noted mistreatment of soldier-farmers • Many reduced to poverty • Tiberius, brother Gaius tried to help soldiers Public Land • Gracchi tried to redistribute public land to farmers • Had public support, but Senate feared Gracchi trying to reduce its power • Senate urged mobs to kill brothers

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 The Military in Politics • 107 BC, social unrest reached new level • General Gaius Marius elected consul – Eliminated property restrictions – Accepted anyone who wanted to join army • Armies, private forces devoted to general – Poor hoped to share plunder at end of war – Ruthless generals realized loyalty of troops could be used as political tool

Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Social and Civil Wars The Social War • Rome’s Italian allies had been trying to obtain Roman citizenship • Senate wanted to maintain monopoly on power, refused Civil War • Social War revealed talent of General Lucius Cornelius Sulla • Sulla became consul, 88 BC; after consulship ended, Marius tried to prevent Sulla from taking military command • 90 BC, Social War broke out • Italian rebels were defeated, but Senate agreed to give them citizenship • Sulla marched on Rome, won civil war, became dictator • Carried out program of reforms to protect power of Senate

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Summarize What challenges faced Rome in the late Republic? Answer(s): slave revolts, social unrest, the Social War, and a civil war in which Sulla became dictator

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Rome Becomes an Empire Sulla paved the way for major changes in Rome’s government. The end of the Republic resulted from the ambitions of a few individuals. The First Triumvirate • Julius Caesar, Gnaeus Pompey, Licinius Crassus helped bring end to Republic End of Triumvirate • Crassus died; Pompey, Caesar fought civil war • Caesar, Pompey successful military commanders • Caesar defeated Pompey, took full control of Rome, became dictator for life, 44 BC • Crassus one of wealthiest people in Rome • Caesar brought many changes to Rome, popular reforms • 60 BC, the three took over Roman state, ruled as First Triumvirate • Senate feared he would destroy Roman Republic, murdered him, Ides of March

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 The Second Triumvirate • Caesar’s murder did not save the Republic • 43 BC, Second Triumvirate took power—Caesar’s adopted son, Octavian; loyal officer Marc Antony; high priest Lepidus • Lepidus pushed aside; Antony, Octavian agreed to govern half the empire each, Octavian in west, Antony in East Civil War • Civil war between Octavian, Antony broke out • Octavian defeated Antony and his ally, Egypt’s Queen Cleopatra • Cleopatra, Antony committed suicide; Octavian alone controlled Rome • Republic effectively dead; new period in Roman history beginning

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 From Octavian to Augustus Octavian Takes Power • Octavian faced task of restoring order in empire • Had no intention of establishing dictatorship when he took power Principate • Octavian careful to avoid title of king or emperor • Called himself princeps, “first citizen” • Government called Principate New Political Order • Octavian decided it impossible to return Rome to republican form of government • Created new political order, known today as the empire New Title • 27 BC, Senate gave Octavian title Augustus, “the revered one” • Title a religious honor; able to wear laurel and oak leaf crown

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 The Augustan Age New Imperial Government • Augustus head of state more than 40 years, made smooth transition to new imperial government with power divided between him and Senate • Most financial, administrative matters under Augustus’s control Foreign Affairs • Started program to bring peace to west, particularly to Gaul, Spain • Began series of conquests that pushed border eastward to Danube River • Also took special care of Rome itself Legacy • Created police force, fire brigades; stockpiled food, water • Began building program; presided over moral, religious reforms • Great period of cultural creativity; great writers like Horace, Ovid, Virgil

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Julio-Claudians and Flavians • • • Augustus died AD 14, empire ruled by Caesar’s relatives for 54 years Julio-Claudian Emperors’ abilities varied widely Tiberius a good soldier, competent administrator Caligula, brutal, mentally unstable; appointed favorite horse as consul AD 68, last of Julio-Claudians, Nero committed suicide Flavians • Following Nero’s death, civil wars raged in Rome • Four military leaders claimed throne in turn • Last, Vespasian reestablished order, as did reigns of two sons • Stability returned under Flavians The Good Emperors • AD 96, new line of emperors established—Good Emperors • Five rulers governed Rome for almost a century • From provinces different than Rome, continued opening Roman imperial society

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 The Good Emperors Empire grew tremendously under Good Emperors • Reached limits of expansion under Trajan • Added what are now Romania, Armenia, Mesopotamia, and the Sinai Peninsula • Successor Hadrian thought empire too large – Withdrew from almost all eastern additions – Built defensive fortifications to guard against invasions – Built wall 73 miles long in northern Britain

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Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Explain How did Rome grow and change after it became an empire? Answer(s): The Roman Empire reached the limits of its territorial expansion and made developments in building, government, and culture.

Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity The Pax Romana The period from the beginning of August’s reign in 27 BC until the death of the last of the Good Emperors in AD 180 is often called the Pax Romana—the Roman Peace. This era was characterized by stable government, a strong legal system, widespread trade, and peace. Government • Roman government strongest unifying force in empire • Maintained order, enforced laws, defended frontiers • Aristocracy participated, but emperors made all important decisions Provinces • Empire divided into provinces ruled by governors appointed from Rome • Provincial government fair, efficient • Government in Rome kept close check on governors • Any citizen could appeal unfair treatment directly to emperor Empire brought uniformity to the cities of the Mediterranean world, which were governed in imitation of Rome.

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Legal System Laws • Roman law unified the empire • Laws specified what could, could not be done; penalties for breaking law • Same laws applied to everyone in empire, wherever they lived Agriculture • Agriculture remained primary occupation throughout Pax Romana • Most farms, independent with little, no surplus to sell • Tenant farmers began to replace slaves on large farms Manufacturing • Manufacturing increased throughout empire • Italy, Gaul, Spain—artisans made cheap pottery, textiles • Fine glassware made in eastern cities like Alexandria

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Opportunities for Trade • Italy imported grain, meat, raw materials from provinces • Merchants brought silks, linens, glassware, jewelry, furniture from Asia • Rome, Alexandria became commercial centers Transportation • Commercial activity possible because of empire’s location around Mediterranean and extensive road network • Ultimately about 50, 000 miles of roads bound empire together Military and Merchant Routes • Most roads built, maintained for military purposes • Cheaper to transport grain by ship from one end of Mediterranean to other than to send it overland; most goods went by sea

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Analyze How did government, law, and trade tie the Roman people together? Answer(s): The Roman government was the strongest unifying force, maintaining order, enforcing the laws, and defending the frontiers. Roman law provided stability and, with few exceptions, the same laws applied to everyone in the empire. Trade provided opportunities for commerce between people in different parts of the empire.

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Roman Society and Culture Preview • Main Idea / Reading Focus • Life in Imperial Rome • Quick Facts: Roman Society • Rome’s Cultural Legacy

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Roman Society and Culture Main Idea The Romans developed a complex society and pioneered cultural advances that, even today, affect life all over the world. Reading Focus • What social and cultural factors influenced life in imperial Rome? • What achievements shaped Rome’s cultural legacy to the modern world?

Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Life in Imperial Rome Images of Rome from movies and stories: Gladiators in combat, temples of marble, soldiers marching to war. What was life really like? Life for the Rich • Pax Romana provided prosperity for many • Rich citizens – Had both city, country homes – Homes had conveniences like running water, baths • Wealthy men spent much time in politics Public Life • Public officials not paid; only wealthy could afford to hold office • Roman politicians worked to perfect public-speaking skills • Ties of marriage, friendship, family alliances as important as common interests for public officials, political groups

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Life for the Poor • Nearly 1 million Romans lived in crowded three- or four-story apartment buildings • Fire a constant threat – Torches used for light – Charcoal used for cooking • To keep poor from rebelling – Free food, public entertainment offered – Two things interested public—bread, circuses

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Public Entertainments • Romans of all classes enjoyed circus, chariot races • Held in Circus Maximus—racetrack could hold 250, 000 spectators • Also liked theater, mimes, jugglers, dancers, acrobats, clowns Bloody Spectacles • Romans enjoyed spectacles in amphitheaters • Wild animals battled each other and professional fighters • Gladiator contests most popular, performed in Colosseum for 50, 000 people Public Baths • Popular places for entertainment • Romans well aware of importance of bathing, hygiene for health • Many public baths had steam rooms, meeting rooms, and pools for socializing

Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Family Patriarchal Structure Education and Religion • Head of family—paterfamilias, family father—oldest living male • Had extensive powers over other members of family • Within family structure, virtues of simplicity, religious devotion, obedience emphasized • Adoption important in Roman society, a way to ensure family name would be carried on • Women could do little without intervention of male guardian, more freedom in lower classes • Upper class Romans placed great value on education • Parents taught children at home; wealthy families hired tutors or sent sons to exclusive schools to learn Latin, Greek, law, math, public speaking • Romans adopted much from Greek mythology, also from Egyptians, others • Each family worshipped local household gods, penates • Many worshipped emperor

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Signs and Augurs Worshipping the gods • Romans believed gods sent signs, warnings – Came in form of natural phenomena – Flight of birds, arrangement of entrails of sacrificial animals • Paid respect to augurs – Priests who specialized in interpreting signs – Nothing important undertaken without first consulting augurs

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Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Contrast How was life different for rich and poor citizens in Rome? Answer(s): Rich—often had two homes and spent time in politics, women's lives controlled by guardians; Poor—lived in crowded conditions, lower-class women had more freedom, often worked outside the home

Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Rome’s Cultural Legacy Although the Western Roman Empire fell in 476, much of Roman culture continued to influence life for centuries. In fact, we can still see many of the legacies of the great empire today. Science and Engineering • Romans less interested in original scientific research than in collecting and organizing information Galen Other Thinkers • Physician, AD 100 s • Ptolemy stated knowledge of others as single theory in astronomy • Wrote volumes summarizing all medical knowledge of his day • Greatest authority in medicine for centuries • Pliny the Elder wrote about Mount Vesuvius

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Practical Knowledge • Romans practical, tried to apply knowledge gained from science to planning cities, building water, sewage systems, improving farming • Roman engineers constructed roads, bridges, amphitheaters, public buildings, aqueducts to bring water to cities • Without aqueducts, cities would not have grown as large Concrete • Romans developed concrete, with which they built amazing structures that still stand today • Roman bridges still span French, German, Spanish rivers • Roads that connected Rome with provinces still survive today • Added urban plan to every city they conquered; many still seen today

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Architecture and Language Locations Advances • Many examples still seen throughout southern Europe, northern Africa, Southwest Asia • Arch, vault allowed Romans to construct larger buildings than earlier societies • Dominant advances—round arch and the vault • Have been used for centuries, still seen in many countries Ruins Beyond Latin • Ruins of buildings inspired generations of architects • Romance languages developed from Latin • Michelangelo, Thomas Jefferson, others • Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian

Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Legacies English Literature • English owes much vocabulary to Latin • Technique of satire derived from Roman authors • Examples: et cetera, veto, curriculum • For centuries, writers have borrowed from authors like Virgil Law Civil Law Systems • Romans used system called civil law, based on written code • Systems carried to Asian, African, American colonies • Adopted by many countries in Europe after empire fell • Roman influence still seen in today’s legal system worldwide

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Summarize What are some areas in which Rome’s influence is still seen? Answer(s): science, engineering, architecture, language, literature, and law

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 The Rise of Christianity Preview • Main Idea / Reading Focus • Christianity and Judaism • Jesus of Nazareth • The Spread of Christianity • Map: The Spread of Christianity • The Early Christian Church

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 The Rise of Christianity Main Idea A new religion called Christianity developed within the Roman Empire and gradually spread throughout the Roman world. Reading Focus • How was Christianity rooted in the teachings of Judaism? • What were the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth? • How did Christianity spread throughout the Roman world? • What was the early Christian Church like?

Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity and Judaism in the Roman World Roman Compromise • Teachings of Jesus of Nazareth developed into new religion— Christianity • Jews had to pay tribute to Romans but unwilling to abandon religion for polytheistic religion of Romans • Many of teachings rooted in beliefs, customs of Judaism • 63 BC, Romans conquered Judaea, chose new ruler for region, installed him as king • Roman leaders allowed Jews to practice religion as long as they paid tribute, maintained civic order

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Judaism in the Roman World Reactions to Roman Rule • Judaism had different branches, varying ideas on cooperation with Romans • Zealots called on fellow Jews to drive Romans from Judaea, reestablish Kingdom of Israel Zealots • Zealots formed pockets of resistance against Romans of Judaea • After mass uprising AD 66– 70, Romans sacked Jerusalem, killed thousands of Jews, destroyed Second Temple Messianic Prophecies • After revolt in 130 s, all Jews banned from Jerusalem • Not all Jews willing to take up arms; others waited coming of Messiah— spiritual leader prophesied to restore ancient kingdom, bring peace to world

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Make Generalizations What were two Jewish reactions to Roman rule? Answer(s): refused to give up religion; Zealots wanted to rise up against Roman rule

Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Jesus of Nazareth Against this background, a spiritual leader named Jesus of Nazareth emerged, teaching people to prepare for God’s Judgment Day. Life Preaching • Nearly all knowledge of Jesus comes from Gospels—first four books of New Testament • Jesus preached message of renewal and warning • New Testament and books of Hebrew Bible make up today’s Christian Bible • Created excitement by performing miracles of healing; defending poor, oppressed • Jesus born in Bethlehem, near Jerusalem • Instructed people to repent of sins, seek God’s forgiveness • Learned carpentry, studied writings of Jewish prophets • Must love God above all, love others as much as self • Gathered group of disciples

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Death and Resurrection Jesus’s popularity, crowds alarmed authorities who feared political uprisings • Jesus arrested, tried, sentenced to death • According to New Testament, after crucifixion – Jesus rose from dead – Spent 40 days teaching disciples – Ascended into heaven • Followers believed Resurrection, Ascension revealed Jesus as the Messiah

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Summarize What was the main message of Jesus’s teaching? Answer(s): Followers must love God above all else, and love others as they loved themselves.

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 The Spread of Christianity After Jesus’s death, his disciples began teaching that all people could achieve salvation—the forgiveness of sins and the promise of everlasting life. Apostles • Jesus’s 12 disciples worked to spread message • Earliest Christian missionaries • Apostles traveled widely, teaching mostly in Jewish communities Paul of Tarsus Conversion • Paul, originally known as Saul, born in Tarsus, in Asia Minor • Paul had conversion on way to Damascus, became Christian • Had actively opposed those teaching that Jesus was the Messiah • If not for his work, Christianity might have remained a branch of Judaism

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Converting the Gentiles • Paul believed God sent him to convert non-Jews, or Gentiles • Paul helped make Christianity broader religion, attracted many new followers • Helped establish Christian churches throughout eastern Mediterranean • Paul’s epistles, or letters, to those churches later became part of the New Testament Roman Christianity • Paul found some Jewish customs hindered missionary work among non. Jews, dispensed with those requirements for Christians • Paul emphasized new doctrines that helped distinguish Christianity from Judaism • Christianity spread; message of love, eternal life after death found appealing • By AD 300, some 10 percent of Roman people were Christian

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Persecution Results • As Christianity spread through Roman world, some local officials feared Christians conspiring against them; arrested, killed many Christians • Those killed seen by Christians as martyrs, people who die for their faith Threat • Christians persecuted at local level, but large-scale persecution rare during first two centuries after Jesus’s life • Large-scale persecution by Romans grew as rulers saw Christianity as threat Imperial Approval • Spread of Christianity hastened by conversion of emperor Constantine • AD 313, Constantine made Christianity legal within empire, Edict of Milan • By late 300 s, polytheism gradually disappeared from empire

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Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Find the Main Idea What helped spread Christianity through the Roman world? Answer(s): Paul of Tarsus and other disciples; Constantine’s conversion; outlawing of public non. Christian sacrifices by Theodosius

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 The Early Christian Church Communities • Earliest Christian churches not only spiritual organizations but close-knit communities • Provided all kinds of support for members Deepening Faith Complex • Support included burial services, food, shelter • Christianity grew; organization became more complex Ceremonies • Ceremonies developed to inspire people’s faith, make them feel closer to Jesus • During Eucharist, people eat bread, drink wine in memory of Jesus’s death, resurrection • One ceremony was Eucharist • With baptism, people are admitted to the faith

Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Expansion of the Church By about 100, priests who were trained in these ceremonies became prominent within Christianity. The authority of the priests was based on the authority Jesus gave the Apostles. This spiritual authority distinguished the priests from the general congregation of the church. Administrative Structure Peter the Apostle • Church expanded, developed administrative structure • Bishop oversaw church affairs, had authority over other priests • 300 s, heads of oldest congregations, patriarchs, had authority over other bishops • Many believed Peter founded Roman Church, was first bishop • Later bishops of Rome, popes, Peter’s spiritual heirs • Gospel of Matthew: Jesus gives Peter keys to kingdom of heaven • Therefore future popes inherit keys Patriarchs did not recognize the popes’ supremacy claims at first, but over time popes gained more influence within the Christian Church.

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Summarize How did the Christian Church change as it grew? Answer(s): Special ceremonies and rituals developed; priests became a special class within Christianity; bishops had authority over priests; the bishop of Rome became a pope.

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 The Fall of Rome Preview • Main Idea / Reading Focus • The Empire Weakens • Attempts at Reform • Invasion and Fall • Map: Division and Invasion of the Roman Empire • Quick Facts: Causes and Effects of the Fall of Rome • Visual Study Guide / Quick Facts • Video: The Impact of Ancient Rome on the World Today

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 The Fall of Rome Main Idea Events and conditions inside as well as outside the Roman Empire weakened it and led to its collapse in the west in the 400 s. Reading Focus • What problems weakened the empire in the 200 s? • How did Diocletian and Constantine attempt to reform the empire? • What caused the invasion and ultimate fall of the empire in the 400 s?

Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity The Empire Weakens The Roman army’s inability to stop the Huns was one symptom of the weakness that befell the empire after the end of the Pax Romana. Weak Leaders • After 180, empire confronted by challenges from outside, growing problems within • When last of Good Emperors died, Rome had no strong leader • Civil wars broke out • Rome under increasing threat of invasions on eastern, western frontiers Military Dictatorship • Emperors increased size of Rome’s army • Demands on financial resources, military caused economic crisis • Empire: military dictatorship • Legions deposed emperors, elevated own leaders to throne • Twenty emperors in 49 years; all but one died violently

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Economic Troubles • Insecurity of civil wars, invasions affected Roman life • Robbery, piracy increased; travel hazardous • Merchants feared to ship goods • Military needs required more revenue; emperors raised taxes Inflation • Value of money declined as taxes rose • Emperors minted new coins with copper, lead, and silver • People refused to accept currency at face value • Result was dramatic rise in prices, or inflation

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Analyze What problems faced Rome in the late 200 s? Answer(s): The empire had weak leaders, civil wars, threats of invasion, and inflation led to a weak economy. Piracy and robbery made travel hazardous.

Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Attempts at Reform The crises of the 200 s shattered the Roman world. Drastic reforms had to be made if the empire were to survive. Two capable emperors rose to power and gave the empire another two centuries of life. Diocletian • Diocletian took power, 284 • Changed empire into absolute monarchy • Placed self above subjects, ruled with no accountability to anyone Divided Empire • Divided empire in two to improve efficiency • Ruled eastern half himself, appointed co-emperor to rule western provinces • Caesars helped run empire Rigid Order • Forced society into rigid order • Sons to follow trades, social positions of fathers • Peasants tied to land they farmed • Increased army, full attention to defense

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Economic Reforms Imperial economy came under state direction with Diocletian • Commercial, manufacturing activities geared toward needs of imperial defense – New tax system raised more money for government, army – Reforms drastic, successful • Saved empire from immediate economic collapse

Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Constantine Diocletian Retires State Control • Diocletian’s initiatives worked well while he remained emperor • Constantine continued state control over society • Diocletian, co-emperor retired, 305; two caesars rose to become co-emperors • New emperors quarreled; empire plunged into civil war • Made two profound decisions to affect direction of future empire: converted to Christianity; built new capital—Constantinople, “city of Constantine”—on site of village of Byzantium • 312, order restored when Constantine declared emperor by his troops; put end to fighting • Eastern half of empire richer, better defended; Constantine wanted capital there

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Analyze How did Diocletian and Constantine try to save Rome? Answer(s): Diocletian—tried to make governmental and economic reforms and build up the army; Constantine—moved capital to the eastern half of the empire

Section 1 Rome and Early Christianity Invasion and Fall Unfortunately, the reforms of Diocletian and Constantine did not solve the overwhelming problems of the empire. During the 300 s and 400 s, these problems were only worsened by tribal peoples’ increasing pressures on the empire’s frontier. The Invaders Huns • Germanic tribes lived along, raided Rome’s frontiers for centuries • New peoples moved west from Central Asia, pushed Germanic tribes into empire • Rulers in Rome, Constantinople tried to hold empire together • Late 300 s, Huns stormed out of east and sent Germanic tribes fleeing • Imperial defenses in east held, but those in west overwhelmed • Huns formed vast empire among nomadic steppe peoples of Eurasia About 370 Huns attacked the Ostrogoths, a Germanic people living north of the Black Sea.

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Migrating Tribes Goths • Assault on Ostrogoths frightened kinsmen, Visigoths • Visigoths fled into Roman Empire, Italy • Visigoths captured and sacked Rome itself, 410 Vandals • Other migrating tribes soon attacked Roman Empire • Infamous for destroying everything in path; Vandals attacked Rome in 450 s • Term vandal came to mean “one who causes senseless destruction” Attila • Leader of Huns, led attack on Gaul • Roman army allied with Visigoths, defeated Huns, 451 • Attila next turned on Rome; but Pope Leo I persuaded him to leave Italy

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Fall of the Western Empire • Despite Huns’ withdrawal, Western Empire in shambles • Germanic tribes ruled most of western provinces, including Italy • Ostrogoths overthrew last emperor • Many historians consider this the end of the Western Roman Empire Eastern Empire • Despite western collapse, Eastern Empire endured for several centuries • People of Eastern Empire always thought of selves as Romans • Over time other influences, especially Greek, crept into culture • As a result of these influences, historians refer to the later period of the Eastern Empire by a new name, the Byzantine Empire.

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Identify Cause and Effect How did invaders contribute to Rome’s fall? Answer(s): The invasion of tribes from Central Asia caused Germanic tribes to flee into the Empire, where resistance had been weakened.

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1

Rome and Early Christianity Section 1 Video The Impact of Ancient Rome on the World Today Click above to play the video.