Roman Political Roman Church History Converted but never

Roman Political & Roman Church History “Converted” but never Conquered

Rev 2: 10 : Commendation affliction, persecution, pressure [10] … and ye shall have tribulation ten days: be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life. “ 10 days” of presecution G 2347 pressing, pressing together, pressure 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Nero (54 -68): Paul beheaded; Peter crucified upside down. Domitian (95 -96): John exiled. Trajan (104 -117): Ignatius burned at the stake. Marcus Aurelius (161 -180): Polycarp martyred. Septimus Severus (200 -211): He killed Irenaeus. Maximinus (235 -237): He killed Ursula and Hippolytus. Decius (249 -251); Many other ‘Caesar’s’ Valerian (257 -260); during the period Aurelian (270 -275); 10 aggressively Diocletian (303 -313); The Worst! persecuted Christians Ten total: 250 years! Fox’s Book of Martyrs: 5, 000 believers died for Christ during this period.

The United Roman Empire 27 BC-244 AD The Rulers of the Roman Empire from Augustus to Constantine XI Dragases see De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors From Augustus to Constantine Dragases. Dates Name 27 BC-14 CE Augustus 14 -37 Tiberius 37 -41 Gaius (Caligula) 41 -54 Claudius 54 -68 Nero 68 -69 Galba 69 Otho 69 Vitellius 69 -79 Vespasian 79 -81 Titus 81 -96 Domitian 96 -98 Nerva 98 -117 Trajan 117 -138 Hadrian 138 -161 Antoninus Pius 161 -180 Marcus Aurelius Dates 161 -169 177180 -192 193 -211 211 -217 211 -212 217 -218 218 -22 222 -235 235 -238 Name Verus Commodus Pertinax / Didius Julianus Septimus Severus Antoninus (Caracalla) Geta Macrinus Diadumenianus Antoninus (Elagabalus) Severus Alexander Maximinus Thrax Gordian I / Gordian II Pupienus (Maximus) Balbinus 238 -244 Gordian III

The United Roman Empire 244 – 395 AD The Rulers of the Roman Empire from Augustus to Constantine XI Dragases see De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors From Augustus to Constantine Dragases. Dates 244 -249 247 -249 249 -251 251 -253 253 -260 260 -268 268 -270 270 -275 275 -276 276 -282 282 -283 283 -284 286 -305 Name Philip the Arab Philip Decius Trebonius Gallus Volusianus Valerian Gallienus Claudian II Gothicus Aurelian Tacitus Florianus Probus Carinus & Numerian Diocletian Maximian Dates Name 305 -311 Galerius / Constantius I / Chlorus / Severus II / Licinius / Constantine I / Maximinus Daza (all associated at various times. 6 augusti in 309!) 311 -324 Constantine I and Licinius 324 -337 Constantine 337 -340 Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans 340 -361 Constantius II 361 -363 Julian 363 -364 Jovian 364 -375 Valentian I and Valens with Galens from 367 375 -378 Valens, Gratian and Valentian II 378 -395 Theodosius I the Great 378 -383 with Gratian and Valentian II 383 -392 with Valentian II and Arcadius 392 -395 with Arcadius and Honorius

The Western Empire 395 -476 AD A. D. 395 -423 425 -455 455 -456 457 -461 461 -465 467 -472 473 -474 474 -475 475 -476 PARTITION - WESTERN EMPIRE Honorius Valentian III Petronius Maximus Avitus Majorian Libius Severus Anthimus Olybrius Glyceruis Julius Nepos Romulus Augustulus

The Eastern Empire 395 -802 AD 395 -408 408 -450 450 -457 457 -474 474 -491 491 -518 518 -527 527 -565 565 -578 578 -582 582 -602 602 -610 PARTITION - EASTERN EMPIRE Dynasty of Heraclius Dynasty of Theodosius 610 -641 Heraclius Arcadius 641 -668 Constans II Theodosius II 668 -685 Constantine IV Marcian (m. Pulcheria, 685 -695 Justinian II (banished) granddaughter Theod I) 695 -698 Leontius Dynasty of Leo 698 -705 Tiberius III Leo I 705 -711 Justinian II (restored) Leo II 711 -713 (no dynasty) Bardanes Zeno 713 -716 Anastasius II Anastasius 716 -717 Theodosius II Dynasty of Justinian Isaurian Dynasty Justin 717 -741 Leo III Justinian I 741 -775 Constantien V Copronymus Justin II 775 -780 Leo IV Tiberius II 780 -797 Constantine VI Maurice (blinded/murded by his mother, Irene) Phocas 797 -802 Irene

The Eastern Empire 802 -1067 AD 802 -811 811 -813 813 -820 820 -829 Nicephorus I Strauracius Michael I Leo V Phrygian Dynasty Michael II 829 -842 Theophilus 842 -867 Michael III Macedonian Dynasty 867 -886 Basil I 886 -912 and 913 Leo VI and Alexander 912 -959 Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus 919 -944 Romanus I Lecapenus 924 Constantine (VIII), Romanus' son, attempted usurpation. Fails. 959 -963 Romanus II 963 -1025 Basil II Bulgaroctonus Constantine VIII (IX) 963 -969 969 -976 J 1025 -1028 -1034 -1041 -1042 -1055 -1056 -1057 -1059 -1067 Regency of Theophano (widow Romanus II) Nicephorus II Phocas (who married Theophano) John Tzimisces (who murdered Nicephorus II with Theophano's help. ) Constantine VIII (IX) alone Romanus II Argyrus Michael IV the Paphlagonian Michael V Calaphates Zoe and Theodora Constantine IX Monomachus (husband of Zoe, who died 1050) Theodora alone Michael VI Stratioticus Prelude to Comnenian Dynasty Isaac I Comnenos (abdicated) Constantine X (1 X) Ducas

The Eastern Empire 1067 -1453 AD 1067 -1071 -1078 -1081 -1118 -1143 -1180 -1183 -1185 -1195 -1203 -1204 Lascarid Dynasty in Nicea 1204 -1222 Theodore I Lascaris Romanus IV Diogenes 1222 -1254 John III Ducas Vatatzes [Constanine (XII)] 1254 -1258 Theodore II Lascaris Michale VII Ducas 1258 -1261 John IV Lascaris Nicephorus III Botaniates Dynasty of the Palaeologi [Revolt of Nicephoros Bryennios] 1259 -1282 Michael VIII Paleologus Dynasty of the Comneni 1261 Recapture Of Constantinople Alexius I Comnenus 1282 -1343 Andronicus II John II Comenus (1293 -1320) Michael IX period of anarchy Manuel I 1328 -1341 Andronicus III Alexius II 1341 -1376 John V Cantancuzenus Andronicus I 1341 -1354 John VI Dynasty of the Angeli 1376 -1379 Andronicus IV Isaac II (dethroned) 1379 -1391 John V (restored) Alexius II John VII Isaac II (restored) with Alexius IV 1390 1391 -1425 Manuel II Alexius V Ducas Murtzuphlus 1425 -1448 John VIII Loss of Constantinople 1449 -1453 Constantine XI (XIII) Dragases 1453 Tuesday May 29 Capture Of Constantinople By Mehmet Ii

Roman Church History: 3 Periods One cannot understand the present (the prophetic future) without a perspective of history. One cannot understand the Protestant Reformation without an appreciation of the history that led up to it. Three Principal Periods Roman Empire: Medieval Period: Modern Period: • Persecution, • Reformation, • Martyrs, • Growth of the Papacy, • Church Fathers, • Inquisitions, • Religious Freedom, • Controversies, • Crusades. • Separation of Church from the State. • Christianization of the Empire. • Open Bibles,

Roman Church History: 2 Great Cleavages • The 9 th century: Eastern Church (Byzantium) separated itself from the West (Rome) East: Primitive Christianity + Greek & Oriental paganism. West: Primitive Christianity + Greek & Roman paganism. • 16 th century: The Reformation. Effort to restore primitive Christianity free of all paganism.

Roman Church History Roman Empire • Rome founded in 753 B. C. • Subdued Italy, 343 -272 B. C. ; • Carthage, 264 -146 B. C. ; • Greece, Asia Minor, 215 -146 B. C. ; • Spain, Gaul, Briton, Teutons, 133 -31 B. C. • Conquered Judea, 63 B. C. In its zenith, it spanned from the Atlantic to Euphrates and from the North Sea to the African Desert. Population: 120 million.

Roman Empire: The Rise to the Zenith 46 BC-180 AD • Julius Caesar, 46 -44 B. C. • Augustus, 31 B. C. -14 A. D. Christ was born in his reign. • Tiberius, 12 -37 A. D. Christ was crucified in his reign. • Caligula, 37 -41. Unsuccessful attempt at desecration of the Temple • Claudius, 41 -54. • Nero*, 54 -68. Persecutions, blaming his burning of Rome on Christians. Executed Paul. • Galba, 68 -69. Otho, Vitelius, 69. • Vespasian, 69 -79. Destroyed Jerusalem. • Titus, 79 -81. • Domitian*, 81 -96. Brief but violent; several thousand slain. John banished to Patmos. • Trajan*, 98 -117. Sought to uphold the laws; Christianity regarded illegal: formalities of emperor worship. • Hadrian*, 117 -138. • Antoninus Pius*, 138 -161. Bar Kochba revolt. Aelia Capitolina (and Temple to Jupiter) replaces Jerusalem. • Marcus Aurelius*, 161 -180. Severest since Nero. Peak of Roman power. (* = persecuted Christians)

Roman Empire: Decline and Fall 180 AD – 476 AD • Commodus, 180 -192 • Barrack Emperors, 192 -284. Appointed by army. Civil War. • Septimius Severus*, 193 -211. • Caracalla, 218 -222. Tolerated Christianity. • Elagabalus, 218 -222. Tolerated Christianity. • Alexander Severus, 222 -235. Favorable to Christianity. • Maximinus*, 235 -238. • Phillips, 244 -249. Very favorable to Christianity. • Decius*, 249 -251. Persecuted Christians furiously. • Valerian*, 253 -260. Killed Origen. • Galienus, 260 -268. Favored Christians. • Aurelian*, 270 -275. • Diocletian*, 284 -305. Persecuted Christians furiously. Most severe; systematically attempted to abolish all by tortuous death. [Catacombs of Rome: hundreds of miles, 4000 inscriptions of as many as 2 -7 million graves. ] (* = persecuted Christians)

Christianization of the Roman Empire 306 -395 AD Constantine, 306 -337. Became identified with Christians himself. Eve of battle of Milvain Bridge, just outside Rome, Oct 27, 312 A. D. , claimed he had a vision. His Edict of Toleration established freedom of religion; favored Christians at court; exempted Christian ministers from taxes. Issued a general exhortation (325 A. D. ) to all his subjects to become Christians. Since the Roman aristocracy persisted in adhering to their pagan religions, Constantine moved his capital to Byzantium, calling it Constantinople (“New Rome”), which became the capital of the empire (330 A. D. ). Reforms included Sunday worship, forbidding work on Sunday (a big deal to the slaves); reduced slavery, gladiatorial fights, and killing of unwelcome children; crucifixion as form of execution was abolished. Julian, 361 -363 (“The Apostate”) sought to restore paganism. Jovian, 363 -364. Re-established the Christian religion. Theodosius, 378 -395. Made Christianity the state religion. Forced conversions filled the churches with unregenerates. Ambition to rule, heathenism, pomp, emerge in the worldly church.

Roman Empire: The Empire Divided East West Honorius, 395 -423 Arcadius, 394 -408 Valentinian III, 423 -455 Theodosius II, 408 -450 Anastasius, 491 -518 Justinian, 527 -565 [Western Empire fell in 476 to the Barbarians, ushering in the Dark Ages. ] [Eastern Empire fell, 1453. ]

Roman Empire: The Empire Divided The Pope means “Papa, ” or “Father. ” Initially it applied to all Western bishops. About 500 A. D. it began to be restricted to the Bishop of Rome. For 500 years the Bishops of Rome were NOT popes. Peter The Roman Catholic tradition that Peter was the first pope is fiction, without any historical (or Biblical) basis whatsoever. There is no evidence anywhere of any kind that Peter was ever a Bishop of Rome. [His own foreboding over successors appears in 1 Pet 5: 3: “Neither as being lords over [God’s] heritage, but being ensamples to the flock. ”]

Bishops of Roman Early Roman Bishops attempted to influence and control other bishops, but with no significant effect. Silvester I (314 -335) was Bishop of Rome when Constantine virtually made Christianity the state religion of the Roman Empire. Constantine regarded himself as head of the church, calling and presiding over the Council of Nicaea (A. D. 325). The Bishops of Alexandria and Antioch were accorded full jurisdiction over their provinces, as was the Roman Bishop over his, without even a hint that they were subject to Rome. By the end of the 4 th century the churches and bishops had come to be largely dominated from five primary centers: Rome, Constantinople, Antioch, Jerusalem, and Alexandria. These Bishops had come to be called Patriarchs, of equal authority, each in control of their own province. After the division of the Empire (395 A. D. ), Antioch, Jerusalem, and Alexander came to acknowledge the leadership of Constantinople. Subsequently, the struggle between Constantinople and Rome began. This struggle remains to this day: it is the root of the current bloodshed in the Croatia-Bosnian conflict in the region of Yugoslavia today.

Bishops of Roman Siricius (395 -398), Bishop of Rome, in his lust for worldly power claimed universal jurisdiction over the church. But unfortunately for him, in his day the Empire divided (395) into two separate empires, East and West. These “jawbone” attempts continued until Leo I (440 -461), who some historians regard as the first pope. The east was beset with controversies; The west, under weak emperors, was breaking up before the barbarians. He obtained from Emperor Valentinian III imperial recognition for his claim as Primate of All Bishops (445). In 452 he persuaded Attila the Hun to spare the city of Rome. In 455 he induced Genseric the Vandal to have mercy on the city. His reputation was made. He declared himself Lord of the Whole Church, advocated exclusive universal papacy, proclaimed that resistance to his authority was a sure path to Hell, and advocated the death penalty for heresy. However, the Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon (451), composed of bishops from all over world, gave the Patriarch of Constantinople equal prerogatives with the Bishop of Rome.

Fall of Rome Simplicius (468 -483) was the Roman “Pope” when the Western Empire came to an end (476). Free of civil authority, the fragmented kingdoms of the barbarians left ample opportunity for individual advantageous alliances, and the Pope became the most commanding figure in the West. Gregory I (590 -604) is regarded as the first Pope. He appeared at a time of political anarchy throughout Europe. His conspicuous leadership over the various kings stabilized the times. He labored unceasingly over the purification of the church, deposed neglectful or unworthy bishops, opposed the sale of offices (“simony”), etc. In his personal life he was a good man, one of the purest and best of the popes. If more had been as he was the world would have a different estimate of the papacy.

Charlemagne Zacharias (741 -752) was instrumental in making Pepin, father of Charlemagne, King of the Franks (a Germanic people occupying western Germany and northern France. Stephen II (752 -757) requested Pepin to lead his army to Italy and conquer the Lombards which had pillaged Italy. He succeeded and gave a large part of central Italy to the Pope, which was the beginning of the Papal States, a temporal dominion which continued for 1100 years (until King Victor Immanuel returned these lands to the Kingdom of Italy in 1870). Pepin’s son, Charlemagne, (who was also the grandson of Charles Martel, who had saved Europe from Islam by his victory at the Battle of Tours in 732) was one of the great rulers of all time. He reigned 46 years with many wars and conquests of vast magnitude. His realm included what is now Germany, France, Switzerland, Austria, Hungary, Belgium, and parts of Spain and Italy. He helped the Pope and the Pope helped him. He was one of the greatest influences in bringing the papacy to a position of world power.

Charlemagne After his death, the Treaty of Verdun (843) divided his empire into what became the foundations of Germany, France and Italy, and a ceaseless struggle between the Popes and the German and French kings began. The “Holy Roman Empire” lasted 1000 years until Napoleon brought it to an end in 1806. Nicholas I (858 -867) was the first Pope to wear a crown. About this time (857) a book appeared, “The Isidorian Decretals, ” which purported to be letters and decrees of Bishops and Councils of the second and third centuries. • Centuries later they were discovered to be deliberate forgeries. • They were designed to exalt the power of the Pope, stamping the Papacy with the authority of antiquity, ante-dating the Pope’s temporal power by five centuries. • They are regarded as the most colossal literary fraud in history.

The Great Cleavage Until 869 all Ecumenical Councils had been held in or near Constantinople, and in the Greek language. Nicholas undertook to interfere in the affairs of the Eastern Church. He excommunicated Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople, who in turn excommunicated him. The claims of the Roman Church became unbearable and the East finally separated itself. The breach became wider through the centuries. The brutal treatment of Constantinople by the armies of Pope Innocent II during the Crusades and the creation of the dogma of Papal Infallibility in 1870 deepened the chasm even more.

The Darkest Period of the Papacy The 200 years between Nicholas I and Gregory VII (870 -1050) are called the “midnight of the Dark Ages. ” Bribery, corruption, immorality, and bloodshed mark this blackest chapter of the church The “Rule of the Harlots” Sergius III (904 -911) had a mistress, Marozia. She, her mother Theodora, and her sisters filled the papal chair with paramours and bastard sons and turned the papal den into a den of robbers. This is called in history “the Rule of the Harlots” (904 -963).

The “Rule of the Harlots” John X (914 -928) was brought from Ravena to Rome and made Pope by Theodora for her more convenient gratification. He was smothered to death by Marozia, who then in succession raised to the Papacy Leo VI (928 -929), Stephen VII (929 -931), and John XI (931 -936), her own illegitimate son. Another of her sons appointed the four following Popes: Leo VII (936 -939), Stephen VIII (939 -942, Martin III (942 -946), and Agapetus II (946 -955). John XII (955 -963), a grandson of Marozia, was guilty of almost every crime; violated virgins and widows, lived with his father’s mistress, made the Papal Palace a brothel, and was killed while in the act of adultery by the woman’s enraged husband. Benedict VIII (1012 -1024) and John XIX (1024 -1033) bought the Office of the Pope with open bribery.

The “Rule of the Harlots” There were three rival Popes in 1045 - 1046: Benedict IX, Gregory VI, and Sylvester III. Benedict IX (1022 -1045) was made Pope as a 12 -year-old boy through a money bargain with the powerful families that ruled Rome. He committed murders and adulteries in broad daylight and robbed pilgrims on the graves of martyrs. A hideous criminal, the people drove him out of Rome. Some call him the worst of all the Popes. Rome swarmed with hired assassins; the virtue of pilgrims was violated. Clement II (1046 -1047) was appointed Pope by Emperor Henry III of Germany “because no Roman clergyman could be found who was free of the pollution of simony and fornication. ”

Golden Age of Papal Power The cry for reform was answered by Hildebrand who led the Papacy into its Golden Age (1049 -1294). He controlled five successive administrations prior to his own: Leo IX (1049 1054); Victor II (1055 - 1057); Stephen IX (1057 -1058); Nicolas II (1059 -1061); and Alexander II (1061 -1073). He became Gregory VII (1073 -1085) and undertook a major reform, especially simony. Practically all bishops and priests purchased their offices from the kings and this brought him in conflict with King Henry IV, Emperor of Germany. Devastating wars followed and Italy was devastated by the opposing armies. Gregory was eventually driven from Rome and died in exile. But he had succeeded in making the Papacy independent of Imperial power.

Summit of Papal Power Innocent III (1198 -1216) was the most powerful of all the Popes. He claimed to be “Vicar of Christ, ” “Vicar of God, ” “Supreme Sovereign over the Church and the World. ” “All things on earth and in heaven and in hell are subject to the Vicar of Christ. ” The kings of Germany, France, England, and practically all the monarchs in Europe obeyed his will, including the Byzantine Empire. Never in history has any one man exerted more power. • • He ordered two crusades; decreed transubstantiation, confirmed auricular confession, declared papal infallibility, condemned the Magna Carta, forbade the reading of the Bible in the vernacular, instituted the Inquisition, ordered the extermination of heretics, etc. More blood was shed under his direction and that of his immediate successors than in any other period of church history (except in the Papacy’s effort to crush the Reformation in the 16 th and 17 th centuries. )

The Inquisition Called “The Holy Office, ” the Inquisition was instituted by Pope Innocent III and was perfected by Pope Gregory IX. Under it everyone was required to inform against heretics. Anyone suspect was liable to torture, without knowing the name of his accuser. The proceedings were secret. The Inquisitor pronounced sentence and victim was turned over to civil authorities to be imprisoned for life or to be burned. The victim’s property was confiscated and divided between the church and the state. The Inquisition claimed vast multitudes of victims in Spain, Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands and did its most deadly work against the Albigenses.

The Inquisition The Albigenses, or Carthari, in southern France, northern Spain and northern Italy preached against the immoralities of the priesthood, worship of saints and images, completely rejected the clergy and their claims, opposed the claims of the Church of Rome, made great use of the Scriptures, and lived self-denying lives with a great zeal for moral purity. By 1167 they embraced a majority of the population of southern France and were very numerous in northern Italy. In 1208 Pope Innocent III ordered a crusade in which the bloody war of extermination utterly wiped out town after town—the inhabitants murdered without discrimination—until all of the Albigenses were utterly wiped out.

The Inquisition The Waldenses, a similar but not identical group in the same region emphasizing Bible reading and rejecting clerical usurpation and profligacy, were similarly wiped out (but for the few survivors in the Alpine Valleys southwest of Turin who are now the leading Protestant body in Italy). It is recorded that in the 30 years between 1540 and 1570 no fewer than 900, 000 Protestants were put to death by the Pope’s war for the extermination of the Waldenses. For 500 years the Inquisition was the most diabolical thing of human history. For its record none of the subsequent line of “holy” and “infallible” Popes have ever apologized. Rather, their leadership and instigators have been elevated to sainthood.

The Inquisition Boniface VIII (1294 -1303) in his famous Bul, “Unam Sanctam” said, “We declare, affirm, define, and pronounce that it is altogether necessary for salvation that every creature be subject to the Roman Pontiff. ” However, he was so corrupt that Dante, who visited Rome during his pontificate, called the Vatican a “Sewer of corruption, ” and assigned him, along with Nicolas III and Clement V, to the lowest parts of Hell.

The French Control of the Papacy The Papacy had been victorious in its 200 -year struggle with the German Empire, but met their match in Philip the Fair, King of France, with whom the history of modern France begins. After the death of Pope Benedict XI, the Papal Palace was removed from Rome to Avignon on the south border of France and for 70 years the Papacy was the mere tool of the French Court (1305 -1377). For the next 40 years there were two sets of Popes, one at Rome and one at Avignon, each claiming to be “Vicar of Christ, ” hurling anathemas and curses at each other. John XXIII (1410 -1415), called by some the most depraved criminal who ever sat on the Papal throne, was guilty of almost every crime. As Cardinal in Bologna, 200 maidens, nuns and married women fell victim to his amours; as Pope he violated virgins and nuns, lived in adultery with his brother’s wife, was guilty of sodomy and other nameless vices, bought the Papal Office, sold Cardinalates to children of wealthy families, and openly denied the future life.

Renaissance Popes Pius II (1458 -1464) was said to have been the father of many illegitimate children. He spoke openly of the methods he used to seduce women and encouraged young men, even offering to instruct them in methods of self-indulgence. Paul II (1464 -1471) “filled his house with concubines. ” Sixtus IV (1471 -1484) sanctioned the Spanish Inquisition, decreed that money would deliver souls from Purgatory, was implicated in a plot to murder Lorenzo de Medici and others who opposed his policies, and used the Papacy to enrich himself and his relatives. He made eight of his nephews Cardinals while as yet some of them were mere boys. In wealth and pomp he and his relatives surpassed the old Roman families.

Renaissance Popes Innocent VIII (1484 -1492) had 16 children by various married women. He multiplied church offices and sold them for vast sums of money, decreed the extermination of the Waldenses, appointed the brutal Thomas of Torquemada Inquisitor General of Spain, and ordered all rulers to deliver up heretics to him. Alexander VI (1492 -1503) is called the most corrupt of the Renaissance Popes: licentious, avaricious, and depraved, he bought the Papacy, made many new cardinals for money, had a number of illegitimate children whom he openly acknowledged and appointed to high church office while they were yet children, and murdered cardinals and others who stood in their way. He had for a mistress a sister of a cardinal who became the next Pope, Pius III (1503).

Martin Luther In 1483 a baby boy is born to a coal miner. He grows up and decides to become a lawyer. In 1504, an event occurred that changes his life— he was caught in a violent thunder storm. Instinctively he cried out to the patron saint of the coal miners, “St. Anne save me! If you do I’ll become a monk. ” After the storm, he withdrew from law school and entered a monastery where he obtained a doctorate of Theology. But the more he studied, the more troubled he became. He decided to make a pilgrimage to Rome in hopes of finding the peace he needed. On the way he becomes deathly ill, and is nursed back to health at a monastery. There one of the brothers encourages Luther to read the book of Habakkuk. He does and reads Habakkuk 2: 4: “The just shall live by faith. ”

Martin Luther visited Rome and was appalled at what he saw. After visiting Rome, the Hab 2: 4 verse resounding in his mind, he went back to Wittenburg to explore this issue: “The just shall live by faith. ” Luther ultimately nailed 95 theses on Oct 31, 1517, starting the Reformation: 1520: Bull excommunicated Luther, “retract within 60 days or death. ” Luther burned it publicly (Dec 10, 1520). Diet of Worms: 1521; Charles V, Emperor of “the Holy Roman Empire” (Germany, Spain, Netherlands and Austria) summoned him to appear. “Here I stand; I can do naught else; so help me God. ” The Centuries of Wars began. The war on the German Protestants (1566 -1609); War on the Protestants of the Netherlands (1566 -1609); Huguenot Wars in France (1572 1598); Philip’s attempt against England (1588); Thirty Years War (1618 -1648); all started by Roman Catholic Kings urged on by the Pope and Jesuits for the purpose of crushing Protestantism. The thousands killed at the hands of the Caesars of Pagan Rome are dwarfed by the millions killed at the hands of the Vatican.

Reformation Period Julius II (1503 -1513) was called the Warrior Pope. • The richest of the cardinals with vast income from numerous bishops and church estates, he bought the Papacy. • He maintained and personally led vast armies and issued indulgences for money. Leo X (1513 -1521) was Pope when Luther started the Protestant Reformation. • He was made an Archbishop at 8; a Cardinal at 13; was appointed to 27 different church offices which meant a vast income before he was 13. • He appointed Cardinals as young as 7. • He maintained the most luxurious and licentious court in Europe. • This voluptuary re-affirmed the Unam Sanctam, in which it is declared that every human being must be subject to the Roman Pontiff for salvation. • He issued indulgences for stipulated fees and declared the burning of heretics a divine appointment. Adrian VI (1522 -1523). Paul III (1534 -1549) had many illegitimate children. • A determined enemy of the Protestants, he offered Charles V an army to exterminate them.

The Jesuits Rome’s answer to the Lutheran secession -- the Inquisition under the leadership of the Jesuits, an order founded by Ignatius Loyola Spaniard on the principle of • absolute and unconditional obedience to the Pope, • having its object the recovery of territory lost to Protestants and Muslims, • and the conquest of the entire heathen world for the Roman Catholic Church. Their supreme aim was the destruction of heresy — that is, thinking anything different from what the Pope said to think. For this accomplishment anything was justifiable: deception, immorality, vice, even murder. In France they were responsible for St. Bartholomew’s Massacre; persecution of the Hugenots, revocation of the Toleration Edict, and the French Revolution. In Spain, Netherlands, south Germany, Bohemia, Austria, Poland, and other countries, they led in the massacre of untold multitudes, and thus saved the Papacy from ruin.

The Jesuits St. Bartholomew’s Massacre: Catherine de Medici, mother of the King, an ardent Romanist and willing tool of the Pope, gave the order, and on the night of August 24, 1572, 70, 000 Huguenots were massacred. There was great rejoicing in Rome. The Pope and his College of Cardinals went in solemn procession to the Church of San Marco and ordered the Te Deum to be sung in thanksgiving, then struck a medal in commemoration of the massacre and sent a Cardinal to Paris to bear the King and Queen. Mother the congratulations of the Pope and Cardinals. Leo XIII (1878 -1903) claimed that he was appointed to be head of all rulers and that he held on this earth the place of Almighty God. Emphasized Papal Infallibility and pronounced Protestants “enemies of the Christian Name. He proclaimed the only method of cooperation was complete submission to the Roman Pontiff and denounced “Americanism. ”

Protestantism This sweeping reform occurred across Europe, and was subsequently exported to America. But various segments of Protestantism became Denominations: Lutherans, Presbyterians, Methodists, et al. , and within them various factions developed, so the early vitality of the church (even with the persecutions) eventually becomes “forms without substance, ” a “comfortable” church.

Summary Bible Reading: Innocent III; Gregory IX; Clement XI; Leo XII, Pius VIII, Gregory XVI and Pius IX all condemned Bible reading and Bible societies. Tolerance: Clement VIII, Innocent X, Leo XII, Pius VIII, Pius IX, Leo XIII all condemned, rejected, annulled and protested religious freedom. They cried “tolerance” only in countries where they were in the minority. They fought religious freedom at every step. Indulgences (and the doctrine of purgatory): Key source of revenue. Pope Sixtus IV (1476) was first to apply them to souls already in Purgatory. Even retailed (1517): John Tetzel came to Germany selling certificates, signed by the Pope, offering pardon of all sins to buyers and their friends without confession, repentance, or absolution by the priest.

Today The most significant event in 500 years of church history happened on March 29, 1994: A joint declaration was signed, called “Evangelicals and Catholics Together: The Christian Mission in the Third Millennium. ” The compromise of the Gospel lies at the heart of the agreement. The Catholics and Protestants agree, basically, to “get along. ” But the Gospel hasn’t changed The persecution of Protestants is still the official policy of the Vatican— enforced only where their domination permits. The evangelicals signed a truce. Rome is stepping up its evangelization of Protestants into the Catholic Church with its “Evangelization 2000. ” On May 21, 1995, the Pope asked forgiveness for all wrongs and crimes committed and permitted by the Catholic Church throughout their history.

The Roman Catholic Church changes it’s doctrine and belief A. D. 310 Prayers for the dead were introduced 320 The lighting of candles 375 The worship of saints, about 365 394 The Mass was adopted 432 The worship of Mary began to develop 500 Priests began to assume distinctive robes 593 The doctrine of purgatory was introduced 600 Worship in Latin was mandated (since repealed) 606 Claims to Papal Supremacy took root 607 Boniface III made first Pope 650 Feasts in honor of the Virgin Mary began 709 Kissing the Pope’s foot

The Roman Catholic Church changes it’s doctrine and belief A. D. 786 Worshipping images and relics 850 Use of "holy water" begun 993 -995 Canonization of dead saints 998 Fasting on Fridays and during Lent 1003 Feasts for the dead were introduced 1074 Celibacy of the priesthood 1076 [1090] The dogma of Papal infallibility was announced 1090 Prayer beads 1140 The doctrine that there are seven sacraments was introduced 1184 The Inquisition 1190 Sale of Indulgences 1200 The wafer was substituted for the loaf

The Roman Catholic Church changes it’s doctrine and belief A. D. 1215 Transubstantiation (A change of anything into something essentially different. The conversion of the substance of the Eucharistic elements into that of Christ’s body and blood; a doctrine of the Greek and Roman churches. ) 1215 Confession was instituted 1220 Adoration of the Wafer (Host) (the worshipping of a piece of bread that one has become convinced is the Lord Jesus Christ) 1229 Bible forbidden to laymen 1316 The Ave Maria was introduced 1414 Cup forbidden to people at communion 1439 Doctrine of purgatory officially decreed 1439 Doctrine of the Seven Sacraments affirmed

The Roman Catholic Church changes it’s doctrine and belief A. D. 1508 The Ave Maria approved 1534 Jesuit Order founded 1545 Tradition granted equal authority with the Bible 1546 The Apocrypha was received into the Cannon 1854 Immaculate Conception of Mary 1864 Syllabus of Errors proclaimed. The doctrine of the temporal power of the Pope proclaimed 1870 INFALLIBILITY OF THE POPE DECLARED 1950 Assumption of the Virgin Mary (the belief that the Virgin Mary ascended bodily into heaven without dying). The personal corporeal presence of the Virgin in heaven. 1965 Mary proclaimed "Mother of the Church"

The Roman Catholic Church changes it’s doctrine and belief A. D. 1966 Pope Paul IV proclaimed an end to the traditional obligation that Catholics abstain from eating meats on Fridays. He abolished the index of forbidden books. He demoted a whole host of saints who had been canonized, revered, and prayed to by the church previously. A 138 -page papal document (officially referred to as an "apostolic exhortation" was issued. Pope John Paul II in December dismissed the "widespread idea that one can obtain forgiveness directly from God. " ? ? ? What is next? ? ?

First Century Church Creation of New Testament Writings; Spread of Chrsitianity; Rise of Persecutions • The words and sayings of Jesus are collected and preserved. New Testament writings are completed. • A new generation of leaders succeeds the apostles. Nevertheless, expectation still runs high that the Lord may return at any time. The end must be close. • The Gospel taken through a great portion of the known world of the Roman empire and even to regions beyond. • New churches at first usually begin in Jewish synagogues around the empire and Christianity is seen at first as a part of Judaism. • The Church faces a major crisis in understanding itself as a universal faith and how it is to relate to its Jewish roots. • Christianity begins to emerge from its Jewish womb. A key transition takes place at the time of Jewish Revolt against Roman authority. In 70 AD Christians do not take part in the revolt and relocate to Pella in Jordan. • The Jews at Jamnia in 90 AD confirm the canon of the Hebrew Scriptures. The same books are recognized as authoritative by Christians. • Persecutions test the church. Jewish historian Josephus seems to express surprise that they are still in existence in his Antiquities in latter part of first century. • Key persecutions include Nero at Rome who blames Christians for a devastating fire that ravages the city in 64 AD He uses Christians as human torches to illumine his gardens. • Emperor Domitian demands to be worshiped as "Lord and God. " During his reign the book of Revelation is written and believers cannot miss the reference when it proclaims Christ as the one worthy of our worship.

First Century Church Creation of New Testament Writings; Spread of Chrsitianity; Rise of Persecutions AD 100 (TWO GENERATIONS AFTER CHRIST) Percent Christian: 0. 6% Breakdown: 70% nonwhite, 30% white Evangelization: 28. 0% of world Scriptures: 6 languages Total martyrs since AD 33: 25, 000 (1. 2% of all Christians ever; rate 370 per year) Source: David Barrett.

Second Century Church Rise of Numerous Heretical Sects; Martyrdoms; Emergence of Apologists The Lord has not returned as soon as expected, so organization is needed to continue the ministry, resist persecution, oppose heretical teachings, and spread the word. Thus the office and role of the bishop becomes stronger. • While persecution continues intermittently from without, heresies pose major dangers from within and must be answered. Heresies include: GNOSTICISM -- A kind of New Age movement that claimed special knowledge. MARCIONISM -- An attempt to reduce the Scriptures--both the Hebrew and Christian Scriptures -- to a few select books MONTANISM -- A charismatic movement that got carried away with new revelations, prophecies, and judgmental attitudes toward other Christians. • Apologists, or explainers of the faith, emerge to combat heresy and answer the church's opponents. Key apologists include Irenaeus and Justin Martyr. • The churches are not legal and have no public forum or church buildings. Local persecution can break out at any time. A profound public witness emerges as Christians are put to death because they will not deny the faith at any cost. Examples: Martyrdom of 84 year-old bishop Polycarp (AD 155) and a whole group mercilessly tortured at Lyons in AD 177. • The strongest centers of the Church are Asia Minor and North Africa. Rome is also a center of prestige. • The church continues its amazing spread reaching all classes, particularly the lower. Callistus--a former slave--actually becomes bishop of Rome and makes claims for special importance of the Roman bishop.

Second Century Church Rise of Numerous Heretical Sects; Martyrdoms; Emergence of Apologists AD 200 (SIX GENERATIONS AFTER CHRIST) Percent Christian: 3. 5% Breakdown: 68% nonwhite, 32% white Evangelization: 32% of world Scriptures: 7 languages Total martyrs since AD 33: 80, 000 (0. 5% of all Christians ever; rate 48 per year) Source: David Barrett.

Third Century Church First Christian State; Empire-wide Persecution; Powerful Bishops; First Desert Monks • At beginning of century, Edessa (Urfa in modern Turkey) becomes first Christian state. • Emperor Septimus Severus (202 -211) persecutes; forbids conversion to Christianity. Then a generation of peace for the church. Amazing growth and spread of faith continues and church buildings begin to be built. • North Africa a key Christian center. Egypt alone has a million Christians by the end of 3 rd century. Carthage and Alexandria leading centers of Christian theological development with such figures as Origen, Tertullian, Clement of Alexandria. • AD 248 the 1, 000 th anniversary of Rome but all is not celebration as threats to the empire increase from neighboring populations on borders. • The first empire-wide persecution instituted under Decius in AD 250. Everyone must offer pagan sacrifice and show certificate of proof. • Church has to deal with the difficult problem of how to handle the "lapsed"--those who relented during the persecution and now want back into the church. • Church problems not only political. Intellectual attacks must also be answered. Porphyry writes Against the Christians attacking apostles, church leaders, Gospels and Old Testament. Origen around 245 answers attack of Celsus written 70 years earlier and apparently still a threat to the church. • The role of the bishop continues to grow in strength. • Before 300 Anthony goes into desert as a hermit, an important early step in development of monasticism--which will be a kind of protest movement against worldly Christianity and an alternative approach to spiritual commitment.

Third Century Church First Christian State; Empire-wide Persecution; Powerful Bishops; First Desert Monks AD 300 (NINE GENERATIONS AFTER CHRIST) Percent Christian: 10. 4% Breakdown: 66. 4% nonwhite, 33. 6% white Evangelization: 35% of world Scriptures: 10 languages Total martyrs since AD 33: 410, 000 (0. 5% of all Christians ever; recent rate 1, 540 per year) Source: David Barrett.

Fourth Century Church From Persecuted Church to Persecuting Church; New Testament Canon Confirmed; First Major Councils; Rise of Church Historians; Influential Augustine of Hippo The fourth century, like the sixteenth, and perhaps our own twentieth, is one of those periods in church history when momentous changes take place that stand out as pivotal turning points in the history of God's people. The century witnessed major changes and transitions in church relations with state and society. Here are six: • Empire Persecutes Church -- At the beginning of the century the church went through the "Great Persecution"--the last and the worst. Instituted by emperor Diocletian in 305, it was intended to wipe out the church. It failed. • Empire Tolerates Church -- Emperor Constantine professed Christianity and the church was given legal status. Often you will hear that Constantine made Christianity the official religion of the empire. He didn't. But he did restore its losses and gave it favored treatment as one among many tolerated religions. • Empire Challenges Church -- Paganism didn't give up without a battle. Emperor Julian (361 -363) attempted unsuccessfully to reestablish paganism. • Empire Adopts Church --Christianity was officially made the state religion under emperor Theodosius IX in the year 381. • Church Challenges Empire -- In a dramatic confrontation that foreshadowed centuries of church-state jockeying for position, Bishop Ambrose of Milan defied the emperor. • Church Persecutes Opponents -- It started off the century as a persecuted minority. By the end of the century the persecuted church had turned into a persecuting church. Its motives made sense. It saw itself as combating heresy, false religion and evil forces. In many ways it was a different church and a different world at the end of this century.

Fourth Century Church From Persecuted Church to Persecuting Church; New Testament Canon Confirmed; First Major Councils; Rise of Church Historians; Influential Augustine of Hippo • Canon of New Testament confirmed. In the 367 AD Easter letter of Athanasius, and at Councils in 382 and 397, final recognition was given. These do not create the Christian scriptures but confirm what was already generally recognized and accepted. • Millions of new members pour in. Becoming a Christian is no longer a risk, but can even be politically and socially opportune, so the church has to deal with a new laxity in standards of belief and behavior. • Persecuted Church turns into persecuting church. By the end of the century the church that had for so long endured persecution as a minority faith, now becomes a persecutor. • Major Councils - Church now needs to clarify and define what it believes. Long time required to understand explain person and nature of Christ. Under emperor Constantine the first major council of church held in Nicea (modern Turkey) in 325. Second major Council held at Constantinople in AD 381. • Donatists Arise in 311 - No sooner does the church achieve toleration than a severe rupture occurs within the North African church that would continue for three hundred years. What had been one of the strongest early centers of the church is so weakened it was eventually lost to Christianity. • Major Missionary Advance as Ufilias takes Gospel to the Barbarian Goths in mid-century. • Church Buildings Flourish -- After legalization the church gets big into real estate. Often its great basilicas are built on the sites of what were formerly pagan temples. • Capital of Empire moves to Constantinople -- In 324 city founded. City dedicated on May 11, 330. Rome no longer the center of power for the empire and church begins to fill in the gap at Rome. • Eusebius' Church History --Bishop Eusebius of Caesarea becomes the first significant church historian and gives us invaluable documentation on the early church. • Augustine converted in AD 386. He would become one of the most important theologians in all of church history.

Fourth Century Church From Persecuted Church to Persecuting Church; New Testament Canon Confirmed; First Major Councils; Rise of Church Historians; Influential Augustine of Hippo AD 400 (TWELVE GENERATIONS AFTER CHRIST) Percent Christian: 18. 6% Breakdown: 64% nonwhite, 36% white Evangelization: 39% of world Scriptures: 11 languages Total martyrs since AD 33: 1, 950, 000 (1. 0 % of all Christians ever; recent rate 5, 310 per year) Source: David Barrett.

Fifth Century Church Barbarian Threats; Creeds; Patrick; Franks Converted; Church Calendar; Martyr Cults As the barbarians increasingly threatened the Empire, sacking the city of Rome, Augustine wrote City of God (413 -426), showing that the true movement of history was the unseen conflict between sin and salvation, between the city of man and the kingdom of God. • Nestorianism spreads in the eastern church, emphasizing a distinction between Christ's human and divine natures. Chalcedon creed describes Jesus Christ as fully human and fully divine, with the two natures existing together without confusion. • As the emperor's power declines, the Bishop of Rome's increases. Pope Leo I (440461) negotiates and saves Rome from Attila the Hun (452). He asserts authority over other bishops, claiming bishop of Rome is successor to Apostle Peter. • Patrick (c. 390 -460) sold as slave at age 16. He later escapes, goes to Ireland where he undertakes monumental mission. • 496 --Frankish King Clovis converted to Christianity and baptized. Conquers half of France and paves the way for Charlemagne's "Holy Roman Empire. " • Church calendar with the Christian year begins to be in place. Cult of martyrs and relics widespread, and glorification of Virgin Mary grows. Incense is first introduced into a Christian church service in the West. • With upheavals and disintegration of secular society, church hierarchy becomes more established and influential.

Fifth Century Church Barbarian Threats; Creeds; Patrick; Franks Converted; Church Calendar; Martyr Cults AD 500 (SIXTEEN GENERATIONS AFTER CHRIST) Percent Christian: 22. 4% Breakdown: 61. 9% nonwhite, 38. 1% white Evangelization: 42% of world Scriptures: 13 languages Total martyrs since AD 33: 2, 540, 000 (0. 8 % of all Christians ever; recent rate 5, 540 per year) Source: David Barrett.

Sixth Century Church Monks and Popes; Monumental Churches; Missionaries; Gregory the Great We are now in the early Middle Ages. Frankly, this, the longest era in Christian history, is the one we find most difficult to grasp and interpret. It seems such an alien time, yet there was an amazing and gradual progression that paved the way for us to receive the gospel. Then, as now, the pure molten gold of the gospel went forth in crucibles of iron. At the risk of gross oversimplification, let me suggest ten "M" words to give some overview hooks for the Middle Ages: -- Migrations of barbarian tribes that reshaped Roman world -- Missions--often heroic ventures that over seven centuries reached all Europe -- Monasticism--first a reaction against worldliness, becomes preserver of learning, Scripture and spearhead of missions and education -- Men of the papacy -- Manorial culture and economy -- Mutuality of Church and State -- Menace of Church divisiveness--quest for truth has never been easy nor always clean -- Islam which overtook established Christian centers and posed grave threat to Christianity -- Mentality of accommodation to paganism as "the stream imbibes the color of the soil through which it flows. " -- Mysticism of High Middle Ages As one who has always had difficulty understanding monks and popes, this by historian Norman Cantor has given me much to think about: The Latin church was preserved from extinction, and European civilization with it, by the two ecclesiastical institutions that alone had the strength and efficiency to withstand the impress of the surrounding barbarism: . . . monasticism and the papacy. The Civilization of the Middle Ages, p. 146 - Ken Curtis

Sixth Century Church Monks and Popes; Monumental Churches; Missionaries; Gregory the Great • 529 --Responding to growing secularization of the church, Benedict of Nursia establishes monastery of Monte Cassino and the Benedictine Order. Benedict's "Rule" for monks (c. 540) will become the most influential over future centuries. • 530 -532 --Boniface II, first pope of Germanic ancestry • Church and State are becoming more closely intertwined. Emperor Justinian (483 -565) closes 1, 000 -year-old School of Philosophy in Athens 529, issues Code of Civil Laws reflecting Christian morals, sends missionaries as spies to China to smuggle out silkworms, reconquers N. Africa from the Vandals. • Church buildings become more monumental. Justinian builds Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, dedicated to Christ as the "Holy Wisdom. " Constructed 532 -537. • Dionysius Exiquus (d. c. 550), a monk in Rome, establishes modern system of dating, using events after Christ as "Anno Domini, " in the year of our Lord. (He missed the date of Christ's birth by a few years. ) • Columba (c. 521 -597) goes as missionary to Scotland. Mission headquarters at Iona. • Conversion of barbarian groups continues. Recared, Visigoth King in Spain and an Arian, becomes Roman Catholic. • By the end of century the Western church tolerates magic and other manifestations of pagan spirituality as diverse cultures are incorporated into the church. • Pope Gregory the Great ((c. 540 -604) gives the mass much of the shape it has today.

Sixth Century Church Monks and Popes; Monumental Churches; Missionaries; Gregory the Great AD 600 (NINETEEN GENERATIONS AFTER CHRIST) Percent Christian: 24% Breakdown: 59% nonwhite, 41% white Evangelization: 39% of world Scriptures: 14 languages Total martyrs since AD 33: 2, 700, 000 (0. 2 % of all Christians ever; recent rate 1, 000 per year) Source: David Barrett.

Seventh Century Church Encyclopedists; Church Music; Synod of Whitby; Islamic Encroachments • 600 -636 --Isidore, Bishop of Seville. His writings provide invaluable and encyclopedic knowledge for the Middle Ages. He is known for important efforts to resist barbarism and heresy in Spain, found schools and convents and evangelize Jews. • 609 --Pagan pantheon in Rome consecrated as church of St. Maria Rotunda. As part of the dedication, Pope Boniface (609 -610) confirmed All Saints' Day. • Organs begin to be used in churches. Church bells are used to call people to worship and to give the hours to the monks in the monasteries. • Learning flourishes in Anglo-Saxon monasteries • 648 --Emperor Constans II issues "The Typos" limiting Christian teachings to that defined in first five ecumenical councils. Pope Martin I (d. 655) refuses to sign Typos. Martin is seized and banished to Crimea and dies. He is last pope to be venerated as a martyr. • 664 --After conflict between the original Celtic church and the Roman missionaries, England adopts the Roman Catholic faith at the Synod of Whitby. • Mohammed (c. 570 -629) begins the religion of Islam, which begins to supplant Christianity across the Middle East and North Africa. • 638 --Islamic capture of Jerusalem • 690 --Two Anglo-Saxon bishops, Kilian and Willibrord, carry on extensive evangelistic mission on the continent among the Franks.

Seventh Century Church Encyclopedists; Church Music; Synod of Whitby; Islamic Encroachments AD 700 (TWENTY-TWO GENERATIONS AFTER CHRIST) Percent Christian: 23. 8% Breakdown: 55% nonwhite, 45% white Evangelization: 35% of world Scriptures: 14 languages Total martyrs since AD 33: 3, 000 (0. 4 % of all Christians ever; recent rate 1, 000 per year) Source: David Barrett.

Eighth Century Chruch Bede in England; Boniface in Germany; Iconoclasm; Charlemagne; Nestorians in China; Alcuin; Vikings • 731 --The "Venerable Bede" (c. 673 -735) completes his Ecclesiastical History of the English People. • Spain is invaded by the Moors, Moslems from North Africa; Charles Martel defeats them at the Battle of Tours in 732 --a decisive juncture in Christian resistance to Moslem advance. • Boniface of England is a missionary to the Germans for 40 years. Finally is murdered by pagans in 754. • Iconoclastic controversy over the veneration of images divides the Byzantine Emperor and the Pope. • Papacy asserts its earthly rule and establishes the papal states in Italy. Pope Leo III (d. 816) separates from the Eastern Empire and becomes supreme bishop in the West. • Charlemagne becomes sole King of the Franks in 771; later is crowned "Holy Roman Emperor, " establishing dream of a kingdom with a Christian king. • Nestorian Christians in China develop missionary activities and build Christian monasteries. • Schools for church music are established at Paris, Cologne, Soissin, and Metz. • 781 --Alcuin of York, England becomes advisor to Charlemagne and catalyzes the "Carolingian Renaissance. " • 793 --The North Men invade Lindisfarne and invade Iona in 795.

Eighth Century Chruch Bede in England; Boniface in Germany; Iconoclasm; Charlemagne; Nestorians in China; Alcuin; Vikings AD 800 (TWENTY-SIX GENERATIONS AFTER CHRIST) Percent Christian: 22. 5% Breakdown: 51% nonwhite, 49% white Evangelization: 31% of world Scriptures: 15 languages Total martyrs since AD 33: 3, 300, 000 (0. 4 % of all Christians ever; recent rate 3, 100 per year) Source: David Barrett

Ninth Century Church Holy Roman Empire; Eucharist; Scholastics; East- West Controversies; Alfred the Great • 800 --On Christmas day Charlemagne (Charles the Great, c. 742 -814) is crowned the first "Holy Roman Emperor" by Pope Leo at St. Peters in Rome. Charlemagne noted for military conquests, strong central government, ecclesiastic reform and educational patronage. • 831 --Radbertus (c. 790 -865) publishes first writing in the West on the Eucharist. It provokes controversy and anticipates later Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation. • John Scotus Erigena (c. 810 -877), one of greatest theologians of early middle ages, helps pave way for scholasticism. Involved in eucharistic controversy with Radbertus and maintains in the supper we partake of the Lord "mentally not dentally. " • Anskar (801 -865), "Apostle of the North, " lays foundation for Christianity in Scandinavia. • Significant missionary efforts make further inroads among heathen peoples of Europe. Cyril (826 -869) and Methodius (c. 815 -885), the "Apostles of the Slavs, " work in Moravia and invent an alphabet for the Slavs. • Photius (c. 820 -895), a renowned scholar and layman, made Patriarch of Constantinople in 858. Later deposed and reinstated at least twice. Conflicts with pope and Rome over spiritual jurisdiction and doctrine ("filioque controversy") foreshadow deepening rift and eventual split between churches in East and West. • Alfred the Great is King of Wessex in England. Translated Christian writings into the language of the common people. Set up a palace school and founded two monasteries. Devoted half his time and money to religious purposes.

Ninth Century Church Holy Roman Empire; Eucharist; Scholastics; East- West Controversies; Alfred the Great AD 900 (TWENTY-NINE GENERATIONS AFTER CHRIST) Percent Christian: 20. 8% Breakdown: 55% nonwhite, 45% white Evangelization: 28% of world Scriptures: 16 languages Source: David Barrett.

Tenth Century Church Eastern Europe; Cluny; Otto the Great; Canonization of Saints; Private Confession; Immoral Popes • Christianity continues to spread among the peoples of eastern Europe during this century. • To the east, Hungarians and Poles begin to convert to Christianity, and Christianity reaches Iceland Greenland to the west. • Ecclesiastical leaders were increasingly becoming embroiled in the political struggles of the European continent. • Benedictine monastery established 909 at Cluny; becomes the center of a reform movement for the church to rid itself of the increasing secularization of its institutions and practices. • Bohemian people embrace Christianity, but their "Good King Wenceslaus" is soon murdered c. 929 by opposing pagan rivals. • 988 --Vladimir, sole ruler of Kievan Rus is baptized. There people were baptized at Pentecost. That same year Vladimir married Princess Anna, sister of Basil II, Emperor of Byzantium. • Otto the Great (emperor 936 -973) revives Charlemagne's dream of a Holy Roman Empire among the German people. In some form Otto's empire continues until the time of Napoleon. • 993 --Saints begin to be officially canonized by the Roman church. • Private confession develops from public confession in both Eastern and Western Churches. The Roman Church begins the concept of indulgences. (No sure evidence of this before the 11 th century. ) • Papacy reaches a low point in morality. • As the year 1000 approaches, many fear the end of the world and the Last Judgment.

Tenth Century Church Eastern Europe; Cluny; Otto the Great; Canonization of Saints; Private Confession; Immoral Popes AD 1000 (THIRTY-TWO GENERATIONS AFTER CHRIST) Percent Christian: 18. 7% Breakdown: 39% nonwhite, 61% white Evangelization: 25% of world Scriptures: 17 languages Total martyrs since AD 33: 4, 200, 000 (0. 4% of all Christians ever; recent rate 3, 200 per year) Source: David Barrett

Eleventh Century Church First Crusade; Stronger Popes; Cistercians; Anselm; Church Music Develops The expansion of Islam continues to occupy Christian thought and activities. • 1009 --Moslems sack Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem. • 1071 --Seljuks conquer Armenia, ending the Byzantine Empire in Asia Minor. • 1095 --Pope Urban II proclaims the First Crusade to reclaim Jerusalem from the Moslems. • 1099 --Crusaders take Jerusalem. • A century and a half of weak popes ends by the middle of the century, and papal authority begins to increase. Pope Gregory VII (1073 -1085), "Hildebrand, " moves to reform the church with emphasis on priestly celibacy and complete freedom of the Church from the State. • Renewal of church through new monastic orders • 1098 --The Reform-minded Cistercian order founded at Citeaux • William of Normandy conquers England, appointing Lanfranc Archbishop of Canterbury in 1070. Lanfranc reorganizes and reforms the English church. • Anselm succeeds Lanfranc as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1093. Wrote Why Did God Become a Man? explaining the reasons for Christ's death. • Musical developments: In 1015 Pomposa Monastery near Ravenna introduces sight singing. By the middle of the century, polyphonic singing replaces Gregorian Chant, the harp arrives in Europe, and the first German Christmas carol is written.

Eleventh Century Church First Crusade; Stronger Popes; Cistercians; Anselm; Church Music Develops AD 1100 (THIRTY-SIX GENERATIONS AFTER CHRIST) Percent Christian: 18. 8% Breakdown: 37% nonwhite, 63% white Evangelization: 25. 5% of world Scriptures: 19 languages Source: David Barrett

Twelfth Century Church Gothic Architecture; Crusades; Waldensians; Bernard of Clairvaux; Carmelites • Gothic architecture, with its pointed arches and high, vaulted ceilings prevails in church building. • 1182 --Notre Dame Cathedral consecrated • 1194 --Chartres Cathedral begun • The medieval papacy, at the height of its power and influence, continues to encourage crusades to liberate the Holy Land from the Moslems. • 1104 --Acre taken by the Crusaders, fell to Moslems again in 1191 • 1147 --Second Crusade (supported by Bernard of Clairvaux) fails, with most Crusaders dying in Asia Minor. • 1187 --Loss of Jerusalem by the Crusaders • 1190 --German Hospitalers founded (later becoming the Teutonic Order) • Belief in immaculate conception of Mary spreads. • 1170 --Pope Alexander III established rules for the canonization of saints, the same year Thomas Becket is murdered in England. Becket is canonized in 1173. • 1173 --Waldensian movement begins in Lyons, seeking truth in Bible rather than medieval tradition. The church persecutes these devout believers sometimes seen as predecessors of Protestant reform. • Monasticism continues to be main source of reforming church. • 1115 --St. Bernard establishes monastery at Clairvaux. He will become the "greatest churchman of the 12 th century. " • 1155 --Carmelite Order founded

Twelfth Century Church Gothic Architecture; Crusades; Waldensians; Bernard of Clairvaux; Carmelites AD 1200 (THIRTY-NINE GENERATIONS AFTER CHRIST) Percent Christian: 19. 4% Breakdown: 35. 7% nonwhite, 64. 3% white Evangelization: 26% of world Scriptures: 22 languages Source: David Barrett.

Thirteenth Century Church Crusades Continue; Mendicant Friars; Pope Innocent III; Aquinas We are presently in the high Middle Ages. As a Protestant believer, I absorbed a common attitude among us that asks: How did the church ever survive the Middle Ages? How could the church sink so low? Why did God allow the papacy to develop as it did? How could both doctrine and practice become so corrupt? I have to now admit that the more I learn of this period, the more I come to marvel they did as well as they did. In every generation there were godly men and women who followed Christ with a devotion we would look far to find today. The medieval church met just about every barbarian threat across Europe and brought brutal peoples to some level of Christian understanding and practice. I dreamt recently that we 20 th-century Christians and churches will have far more to answer for than our medieval 'dark age' predecessors at the Great Judgment when the Lord takes into account the light we each had. -- Ken Curtis

Thirteenth Century Church Crusades Continue; Mendicant Friars; Pope Innocent III; Aquinas • This century is often called the high point of the middle ages, with the papacy reaching its greatest power, scholastic philosophy reaching its zenith, and Gothic Cathedrals towering over the landscape. • Crusading cause and spirit continues. • 1204 --Europeans, with Vienna taking the lead, capture Constantinople. • 1212 --Children's crusade • Mendicant orders of friars established, another effort at church reform. These reemphasize the importance of the sermon. • 1209 --Francis of Assisi establishes Franciscans (canonized 1228). • 1220 --Dominican Friars established as a teaching order, later entrusted by the Pope with the Inquisition. Some became missionaries to Central Asia, Persian Gulf, India, and China. • Salisbury Cathedral built within one lifetime (1220 -1258), a rarity for medieval cathedrals! • With Pope Innocent III (1198 -1216) the papacy was at the height of its powers. Affirmed all churches were under his control. Developed theory of papal power that allowed him to interfere in political affairs of nations. Approved 4 th Crusade. Established Dominicans and Franciscans. Instituted Inquisition, joining powers of church and state to punish heretics. • 1215 --Fourth Lateran Council summarized and reinforced medieval doctrines and practices. • Thomas Aquinas summarizes Scholastic Theology in his Summa Theologica, 1271, writing, intelligo ut credam "I understand, in order that I may believe. "

Thirteenth Century Church Crusades Continue; Mendicant Friars; Pope Innocent III; Aquinas AD 1300 (FORTY-TWO GENERATIONS AFTER CHRIST) Percent Christian: 23. 9% Breakdown: 34% nonwhite, 66% white Evangelization: 27% of world Scriptures: 26 languages Source: David Barrett.

Fourteenth Century Church Decline of Papacy; Avignon Popes; Papal Schism; Black Death; Dante; Mysticism; John Wycliffe; John Hus • The Papacy, having reached its high point with Innocent III (1160 -1216), begins a decline under Boniface VIII (c. 1234 -1303). • 1302 --Papal bull "Unam sanctum" pronounces the highest papal claims to supremacy • 1309 -1377 --"Babylonian Captivity" of papacy. Pope resides in Avignon, France, strongly under the control of the French King. • 1378 -1417 --Great Schism, with two or three popes claiming authority. • The Black Death or bubonic plague ravages Europe; 25 million Europeans, over 1/4 of the population, dies. • Mysticism flourishes in many areas, especially Germany and the Low Countries. • Meister Eckhardt teaches the nature of God is unknowable except through the inner knowledge of Himself God has placed in each soul. • Catherine of Siena has a vision joining her with Christ in a mystical marriage; spends her life in serving others, including trying to end the Great Schism of the papacy. • Seeking forgiveness from sins, bands of "flagellants" roam the countryside beating themselves as penance. • 1305 -1314 --Dante writes his Divine Comedy mirroring the heights and depths of the Christianity of the 13 th and 14 th centuries. • John Wycliffe transforms Oxford into the spiritual center of England. Looks to the Scriptures for authority and truth. • 1382 --Wycliffe is expelled from Oxford, translates Bible into English, and trains lay preachers to spread the Scripture. • 1398 --John Hus begins lecturing on theology at Prague University and spreads Wycliffe's ideas.

Fourteenth Century Church Decline of Papacy; Avignon Popes; Papal Schism; Black Death; Dante; Mysticism; John Wycliffe; John Hus AD 1400 (FORTY -SIX GENERATIONS AFTER CHRIST) Percent Christian: 24% Breakdown: 25% nonwhite, 75% white Evangelization: 27% of world Scriptures: 30 languages Source: David Barrett

Fifteeenth Century Church Council of Constance; á Kempis; Joan of Arc; Fall of Constantinople; Printing; Inquisition; Columbus; Church Spreads to the New World • 1414 -1417 - The Council of Constance seeks to end the Great Schism, the embarrassment of having two or three popes competing for authority and power. This same council burns Czech priest John Hus as a heretic and condemns John Wycliffe posthumously. • Religious beliefs continue to be matters of political concern. • Thomas a' Kempis' classic Imitation of Christ written. • 1431 -- French peasant woman Joan of Arc is burned at Rouen as a witch. • 1453 -- The Turks capture Constantinople and turn St. Sophia Basilica into a mosque. The many scholars fleeing west encourage a revival of classical learning - the Renaissance. • 1453 -- Johann Gutenburg develops his printing press and prints the first Bible. • 1479 -- The Inquisition against heresy in Spain set up by Ferdinand Isabella with papal approval. Under Torquemada Jews are given 3 months to become Christians or leave the country. • 1498 -- Savonarola burned. He was a great preacher of reform in Florence, Italy. • Florence under the Medicis becomes the center of Renaissance humanism. Brunelleschi, Donatello, Michelangelo, Botticelli, and Leonardo da Vinci all create important works of art with Christian themes. At the same time the Medicis become supporters of a papacy more worldly than ever before. • The Vatican Library is founded by Nicholas V. • 1492 -- Columbus' voyage and a new age of exploration and Christian expansion begin.

Fifteeenth Century Church Council of Constance; á Kempis; Joan of Arc; Fall of Constantinople; Printing; Inquisition; Columbus; Church Spreads to the New World AD 1500 (FORTY -NINE GENERATIONS AFTER CHRIST) Percent Christian: 19% Breakdown: 7. 4% nonwhite, 92. 6% white Evangelization: 21% of world Scriptures: 34 languages Total Martyrs since AD 33: 9, 200, 000 (0. 3% of all Christians ever; recent rate 24, 600 per year) Source: David Barrett.

Sixteenth Century Church Outburst of a New Christian Art; Printed Bibles; Luther; Protestant Reformation; Calvin; Jesuits In our progression century by century through church history, we come to the tumultuous 16 th century and the explosive influence of the Reformation. A couple of years ago in preparing our Christian History Institute video curriculum Reformation Overview* I was privileged to visit all the major Reformation locations where the original events took place. People and issues I had read about came to life for me in an unforgettable way. Day after day I was gripped by the adventure of stepping back into the world changing convictions and issues faced by the great Reformers. Several impressions left a lasting mark upon me. The posting of the 95 theses by Luther in 1517 was not the beginning of the Reformation but in many ways a culmination of widespread developments that had been building up for generations. There was not one Reformation but many. Luther, Zwingli, Calvin, Tyndale, the Anabaptists and others were all distinctive centers of dynamic development and spiritual renewal. The intellectual discipline of the major Reformers was prodigious. These leaders were almost without exception devoted to careful scholarship. Compare this to the kind of leaders we so often exalt today, based more on the attraction of personality and media charisma than the quality of their thought. We are familiar with the big names in the movement, but all of them had their circle of colleagues and close confidantes with whom they struggled, debated, agonized, and prayed. Luther had his Melancthon, Zwingli his Bullinger, Calvin his Farel, Tyndale his Frith. Major reformation events often took place in little out of the way places far removed from the centers of influence. Luther's Wittenberg surely was no Rome. Even today it is so small we couldn't find a hotel in town. Calvin's Geneva was not a major international city when he went there. It became one because of what he did there. --Ken Curtis

Sixteenth Century Church Outburst of a New Christian Art; Printed Bibles; Luther; Protestant Reformation; Calvin; Jesuits • The printing of books begun in the fifteenth century now develops swiftly, propelling the spread of the Reformation. • Michelangelo, Albrecht Durer, Raphael, and Lucius Cranach create art with Biblical themes. • 1517 Martin Luther posts his 95 theses at Wittenberg which stir Germany and Europe in a matter of months. • The Scriptures become more available for the common person as Luther translates into German and Tyndale into English in the 1520's. • The Protestant Reformation spreads throughout Europe with Zwingli in Switzerland, the Anabaptists in central Europe, and John Knox in Scotland. Henry VIII's quest for dynastic security causes him to separate from Rome and establish himself as head of the Church of England. John Calvin's ministry in Geneva and his Institutes begin a Scriptural reexamination of theology and society. • The Counter-Reformation defends traditional Catholicism against Reformation ideas. The Council of Trent (1545 -1563) reaffirms Catholic doctrine. The Jesuit order becomes the defender of the Catholic faith and begins sending missionaries abroad. • Religious convictions produce martyrs among both Catholics and Protestants -- Sir Thomas More, William Tyndale, and Thomas Cranmer among the many executed. Huguenots in France begin to be persecuted. Foxe's Book of Martyrs (actually titled Actes and Monuments) records the persecution believers in Christ have endured through the centuries. • In England, Puritans begin to fashion a church more closely based upon the Scriptures.

Sixteenth Century Church Outburst of a New Christian Art; Printed Bibles; Luther; Protestant Reformation; Calvin; Jesuits AD 1600 (FIFTY-TWO GENERATIONS AFTER CHRIST) Percent Christian: 18. 9% Breakdown: 14% nonwhite, 86% white Evangelization: 23% of world Scriptures: Printed scriptures available in 36 languages Source: David Barrett.

Seventeenth Century Church Religious Revolutions and Wars; American Colonies; King James Version Bible; Galileo; Christian Classics by Milton, Bunyan, Pascal; Enlightenment Writers; Scientific Explosion with Christian Roots • The Protestant Reformation begun in the last century continues to affect the religious and political life of Europe. • In England the Puritan Revolution removes King Charles and executes him while attempting to establish a Puritan Commonwealth. • In France, the Protestant Huguenots rebel against King Louis XIII. • 1618 -1648 -- In central Europe, the Thirty Years' War brings destruction as Protestants and Catholics vie for power. • England begins to establish colonies in North America, many with the purpose of spreading Christianity or establishing more Biblical Christian governments -- Jamestown begins in 1607, Pilgrims land in 1620, Massachusetts Bay Colony established by Puritans in 1630. • "King James Version" translation of the English Bible released in 1611; will shape and mold the English language for over three centuries. • 1633 - Galileo forced by the Inquisition to abjure Copernicus' theories. New scientific studies often pursued by men seeking to learn the ways of their Creator - Johann Kepler, Isaac Newton, Francis Bacon, Robert Boyle. • 1634 -- the first Oberammergau Passion Play • Classic works of Christian literature are written: 1667 - John Milton's Paradise Lost; 1670 Blaise Pascal's Pensees; 1678 - John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress. • "Enlightenment" writers question Christianity and seek to base knowledge on human reason--Leibnitz, Hobbes, and Descartes.

Seventeenth Century Church Religious Revolutions and Wars; American Colonies; King James Version Bible; Galileo; Christian Classics by Milton, Bunyan, Pascal; Enlightenment Writers; Scientific Explosion with Christian Roots AD 1700 (FIFTY-SIX GENERATIONS AFTER CHRIST) Percent Christian: 22. 3% Breakdown: 15. 9% nonwhite, 84. 1% white Evangelization: 25. 2% of world Scriptures: Printed scriptures available in 52 languages Source: David Barrett.

Eighteenth Century Church Deism; Revival; Pietism; Protestant Music; Doddridge, Paley, Wilberforce, Cruden; Religious Freedom Movements; Rise of the Christian Novel; Protestant Missions • Voltaire, one of many Deists, further develops the rationalism of the "Enlightenment, " attacking Christianity and finding in man the center of all things. The French Revolution of 1789 overthrows the traditions of the Church and briefly establishes the goddess of Reason. • An Evangelical Awakening spreads throughout England America under the preaching of George Whitefield, the Wesley brothers, and Jonathan Edwards. • Pietism brings new life to German Lutheranism, and Lutheran J. S. Bach writes his music "only for the glory of God. " • Count Zinzendorf establishes Herrnhut as a Moravian settlement in Saxony, from which the Moravian Brethren begin their missionary work. • Christians Handel and Haydn write classical music, including masterpieces of religious art, while Isaac Watts and the Wesleys write hymns for congregational singing. • Practical application of Christian truths found in classics written during the century: Philip Doddridge's Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul; William Paley's Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy; and William Wilberforce's Practical View of the Religious System. Cruden's Concordance published early in the century. • Religious freedom gains grounds. In the United States, religious tests for government positions are abolished, and in Russia Czarina Catherine the Great grants freedom of religion. • Christian Daniel Defoe begins writing novels reflecting man's spiritual struggles. • The era of modern missions advances with the establishment of London's Baptist Missionary Society and the sending of William Carey to India.

Eighteenth Century Church Deism; Revival; Pietism; Protestant Music; Doddridge, Paley, Wilberforce, Cruden; Religious Freedom Movements; Rise of the Christian Novel; Protestant Missions AD 1800 (FIFTY-NINE GENERATIONS AFTER CHRIST) Percent Christian: 23. 1% Breakdown: 13. 5% nonwhite, 86. 5% white Evangelization: 27. 2% of world Scriptures: Printed scriptures available in 67 languages Source: David Barrett

Nineteenth Century Church Reform Associations; Naturalistic Philosophies Attack Christianity; Revival Leaders • The nineteenth century is sometimes called the Protestant Century. Protestants established missions throughout the world. Organizations such as the British and Foreign Bible Society, the American Bible Society, the Sunday School Union, and the American Board of Commissioners of Foreign Missions lead in the spread of the Gospel message. Reform societies form to deal with abolition, temperance, prisons, and education. • In America, many sects including Mormons, Jehovah's Witnesses, and Christian Science are established. • New philosophies such as Darwin's evolution, Marx's communism, and Freud's psychology, attack the traditional Christian view of life and history. German "higher critics" attack the historical validity of the Scriptures. • Revival leader Charles Finney establishes "new measures" in his revival meetings, believing conversions can be achieved if the right approaches and techniques are used. • Dwight L. Moody and Ira Sankey hold large revival meetings on both sides of the Atlantic, while thousands hear Charles Spurgeon preach in London's Tabernacle. • Fanny Crosby, Ira Sankey, Francis Havergal, and others poured out hymns of faith and devotion. • David Livingstone and others open the African continent to missions, while workers with Hudson Taylor's China Inland Mission spread throughout China. • Pope Pius IX condemns liberalism, socialism, and rationalism; also proclaims the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary. The First Vatican Council declares the Pope infallible in the year 1870.

Nineteenth Century Church Reform Associations; Naturalistic Philosophies Attack Christianity; Revival Leaders AD 1900 (SIXTY-TWO GENERATIONS AFTER CHRIST) Percent Christian: 34. 4% Breakdown: 19% nonwhite, 81% white Evangelization: 51. 3% of world Scriptures: Printed scriptures available in 537 languages Source: David Barrett

Twentieth Century Church A Few Prominent Trends • World Wars pit nominally Christian nations of Europe against each other. • Emergence of charismatic Christian sects. • Rise of the ecumenical movement. • Revision of the Roman Catholic liturgy. • Missions reach virtually every region of the world. • New translation methods put the Bible into the languages of 95% of mankind, but about 1, 500 small tongues, representing 5% of mankind, lack scriptures. • More Christians are said to have been martyred in the 20 th century than in all earlier centuries combined. • Decline of church attendance becomes marked in much of the Western world. • Explosive growth of Chinese Christianity. • Emergence and collapse of powerful atheistic states. • Crises in Darwinism revive Christian attacks on evolutionary theory and development of scientific models from a Christian perspective. • Rise of internet and mass media lead to wide dissemination of the gospel by new means. • An overwhelming information explosion tends to bury truth.

Twentieth Century Church A Few Prominent Trends 1. 9 billion "Christians, " about 33% of world population Non-white Christians, especially in China, Africa, and Latin America exceed white Christians.

Pope’s per Catholic tradition # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Dates d. 64 or 67 67? -76? -88? -97? -105? -15? 115? -25? 125? -36? 136? -40? 140? -55? 155? -66? 166? -75? 175? -89? 189 -99 199 -217 217 -22 222 -30 222 -35 230 -35 235 -36 236 -50 251 -53 251 -58? 253 -54 254 -57 Name Peter Linus Anacletus I Clement I Evaristus Alexander I Sixtus I Telesphorus Hyginus Pius I Anicetus Soter Eleuterus Victor I Zephyrinus Callistus I Urban I Hippolytus (antipope) Pontain Anterus Fabian Cornelius Novatian (antipope) Lucius I Stephen I # 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Dates 257 -58 260 -68 269 -74 275 -83 283 -96 296 -304 308 -09 309 -10 311 -14 314 -35 335 -36 337 -52 352 -66 353 -65 366 -83 366 -67 384 -99 399 -401 401 -17 417 -18 418 -22 418 -19 422 -32 432 -40 440 -61 Name Sixtus II Dionysius Felix I Eutychian Caius Marcellinus Marcellus I Eusebius Miltiades Sylvester I Marcus Julius I Liberius Felix II (antipope) Damasus I Ursinus (antipope) Siricius Anastasius I Innocent I Zosimus Boniface I Eulalius (antipope) Celestine I Sixtus III Leo I

Pope’s per Catholic tradition # 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 Dates 461 -68 468 -83 483 -92 492 -96 496 -98 498 -514 498 -505 514 -23 523 -26 526 -30 530 -32 530 533 -35 535 -36 536 -37 537 -55 556 -61 561 -74 575 -79 579 -90 590 -604 604 -606 607 608 -15 615 -18 Name Hilarius Simplicius Felix III Gelasius I Anastasius II Symmachus Laurentius (antipope) Hormisdas John I Felix IV Boniface II Dioscurus (antipope) John II Agapetus I Silverius Vigilius Pelagius I John III Benedict I Pelagius II Gregory I Sabinian Boniface III Boniface IV Deusdedit # 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 Dates 619 -25 625 -38 640 -42 642 -49 649 -55 655 -57 657 -72 672 -76 676 -78 678 -81 681 -83 684 -85 685 -86 686 -87 687 -92 687 -701 701 -05 705 -07 708 -15 715 -31 731 -41 741 -52 Name Boniface V Honorius I Severinus John IV Theodore I Martin I Eugene I Vitalian Adeodatus Donus Agatho Leo II Benedict II John V Conon Theodore II (antipope) Paschal I (antipope) Sergius I John VII Sisinnius Constantine Gregory III Zacharias

Pope’s per Catholic tradition # 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 Dates 752 -57 757 -67 767 767 -72 772 -95 795 -816 816 -17 817 -24 824 -27 827 -44 844 -47 847 -55 855 -58 855 858 -67 867 -72 872 -82 882 -84 884 -85 885 -91 891 -96 896 Name Stephen II Paul I Constantine (antipope) Philip (antipope) Stephen III Adrian I Leo III Stephen IV Paschal I Eugene II Valentine Gregory IV John VIII (antipope) Sergius II Leo IV Benedict III Anastasius III (antipope) Nicholas I Adrian II John VIII Marinus I Adrian III Stephen V Formosus Boniface VI # 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 Dates 896 -97 897 898 -900 900 -03 903 -04 904 -11 911 -13 913 -14 914 -28 928 -29 929 -31 931 -35 936 -39 939 -42 942 -46 946 -55 955 -63 963 -64 965 -72 973 -74 974 -83 983 -84 Name Stephen VI Romanus Theodore II John IX Benedict IV Leo V Chistopher Sergius III Anastasius III Lando John X Leo VI Stephen VII John XI Leo VII Stephen IX (VIII) Marinus II Agapetus II John XII Leo VIII Benedict V John XIII Benedict VII John XIV

Pope’s per Catholic tradition # 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 Dates 984 -85 985 -96 996 -99 996 -98 999 -1003 -09 1009 -12 1012 -24 1012 1024 -33 1033 -45 1045 -46 1046 -47 1048 1049 -54 1055 -57 1057 -58 1058 -61 1061 -73 1061 -64 1073 -85 1080 -1100 Name Boniface VII John XV Gregory V John XVI (antipope) Sylvester II John XVIII Sergius IV Benedict VIII Gregory VI (antipope) John XIX Benedict IX Sylvester III Gregory VI Clement II Damasus II Leo IX Victor II Stephen IX Benedidct X Nicholas II Alexander II Honorius II (antipope) Gregory VII Clement III (antipope) # 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 Dates 1086 -87 1088 -99 1099 -1118 1100 -02 1105 1118 -19 1118 -21 1119 -24 1124 -30 1124 1130 -43 1130 -38 1143 -44 1144 -45 1145 -53 1153 -54 1154 -59 1159 -81 1159 -64 1164 -68 1168 -78 1179 -80 1181 -85 Name Victor III Urban II Paschal II Theodoric (antipope) Albert (antipope) Sylvester IV (antipope) Gelasius II Gregory VIII (antipope) Callistus II Honorius II Celestine II (antipope) Innocent II Anacletus II (antipope) Victor IV (antipope) Celestine II Lucius II Eugene III Anastasius IV Adrian IV Alexander III Victor IV (antipope) Paschal III (antipope) Callistus III (antipope) Innocent III (antipope) Lucius III

Pope’s per Catholic tradition # 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 Dates 1185 -87 1187 -91 1191 -98 1198 -1216 -27 1227 -41 1243 -54 1254 -61 1261 -64 1265 -68 1271 -76 1276 -77 1277 -80 1281 -85 1285 -87 1288 -92 1294 -1303 -04 1305 -14 1316 -34 Name Urban III Gregory VIII Clement III Celestine III Innocent III Honorius III Gregory IX Celestine IV Innocent IV Alexander IV Urban IV Clement IV Gregory X Innocent V Adrian V John XXI Nicholas III Martin IV Honorius IV Nicholas IV Celestine V Boniface VIII Benedict XI Clement V John XXII # 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 Dates Name 1328 -30 Nicholas V (antipope) 1334 -42 Benedict XII 1342 -52 Clement VI 1352 -62 Innocent VI 1362 -70 Urban V 1370 -78 Gregory XI Great Schism 1378 -89 Urban VI (Roman line) 1378 -94 Clement VII (Avignon line) 1389 -1404 Boniface IX (Roman line) 1394 -1423 Benedict XIII (Avignon line) 1406 -06 Innocent VII (Roman line) 1406 -15 Gregory XII (Roman line) 1409 -10 Alexander V (Pisan line) 1410 -15 John XXIII (Pisan line) End of Schism 1417 -31 Martin V 1431 -47 Eugene IV 1439 -49 Felix V (antipope) 1447 -55 Nicholas V 1445 -58 Callistus III 1458 -64 Pius II 1464 -71 Paul II 1471 -84 Sixtus IV 1484 -92 Innocent VIII

Pope’s per Catholic tradition # 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 Dates 1492 -1503 -13 1513 -21 1522 -23 1523 -34 1534 -49 1550 -55 1555 -59 1559 -65 1566 -72 1572 -85 1585 -90 1590 -91 1592 -1605 -21 1621 -23 1623 -44 1644 -55 1655 -67 1667 -69 1670 -76 Name Alexander VI Pius III Julius II Leo X Adrian VI Clement VII Paul III Julius III Marcellus II Paul IV Pius V Gregory XIII Sixtus V Urban VII Gregory XIV Innocent IX Clement VIII Leo XI Paul V Gregory XV Urban VIII Innocent X Alexander VII Clement IX Clement X # 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 Dates 1676 -89 1689 -91 1691 -1700 -21 1721 -24 1724 -30 1730 -40 1740 -58 1758 -69 1769 -74 1775 -99 1800 -23 1823 -29 1829 -30 1831 -46 1846 -78 1878 -1903 -14 1914 -22 1922 -39 1939 -58 1958 -63 1963 -78 1978 -2005 - Name Innocent XI Alexander VIII Innocent XII Clement XI Innocent XIII Benedict XIII Clement XII Benedict XIV Clement XIII Clement XIV Pius VII Leo XII Pius VIII Gregory XVI Pius IX Leo XIII Pius X Benedict XV Pius XII John XXIII Paul VI John Paul II Benedict XVI

Misc The Chaldean priest who interpreted the esoteric doctrines of the Babylonian mysteries was called Peter (i. e. “the interpreter”). He wore an insignia of the two keys of Janus and Cybele, which still appear on the Papal arms as symbols of spiritual authority. The danger to the church at Thyratira did not arise from the persecutions of imperial Rome nor from the animosity of Jewish attitudes. It arose from within the church itself—all the more serious and dangerous to deal with

1 Kings 16 -21 - Jezebel “Queen of Heaven”: A Babylonian concept: Jer 7: 18; Jer 44: 15 -30. “Deep things of Satan”: Esoteric mysteries of the Babylonian cults. . . Read about Ashtoreth (Judg 2: 13; 10: 6; cf. 1 Sam 31: 10; 1 Kgs 11: 5, 33); The Groves (phallic symbols), Deut 16: 21; and The Abomination of Sidonians, 2 Kgs 23: 3, 6, 7; Ezek 36: 15. Compare with the Woman & the Leaven parable in Matt 13. See also Lev 2; 1 Cor 5: 7, 8. The church at Thyatira “tolerated” it: they raised no protest. In 378 A. D. , Damasus, the bishop of Rome, took on the office of Pontifex Maximus, (high priest) of the Babylonian religion, which had previously been the prerogative of the Roman emperor, thus combining the “Christian” church with pagan religion—an act which has never been subsequently separated: The ceremonies, rites, titles, vestments. . . celibate priests, Mariolatry, image and crucifix worship, veneration of saints, adoration of the host. . . papal infallibility, transubstantiation, etc. . . all idolatry thinly veneered by Christian nomenclature. [Lack of immediate punishment should not be misunderstood for laxity: Ecc 8: 11; Isa 26: 10. ]