Roman culture Roman Kingdom History Roman Republic Roman

Roman culture

Roman Kingdom 罗马王政时期 罗马历史回顾 History Roman Republic 罗马共和国时期 Roman Empire 罗马帝国时期 Roman culture 1、Latin literature 拉丁文学 2、Law civilization 法律文明 罗马文明成就 Achievements 3、Architecture 建筑 4、Sculpture 雕塑 5、Painting 绘画 6、Others 其他

Roman Kingdom The Roman Kingdom was the period of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a monarchical form of government of the city of Rome and its territories. Legend: 建城传说 The Capitoline Wolf is a bronze sculpture of a she-wolf(母狼) suckling（哺乳） twin infants, inspired by the legend of the founding of Rome. According to the legend, when Numitor, grandfather of the twins Romulus（罗穆卢斯） and Remus( 瑞摩斯), was overthrown by his brother Amulius(阿穆利乌斯), the usurper (篡位者 )ordered the twins to be cast into the Tiber River. They were rescued by a she-wolf who cared for them until a herdsman, Faustulus, found and raised them. The Capitoline Wolf has been housed since 1471 in the Palazzo dei Conservatori on the Campidoglio (the ancient Capitoline Hill), Rome, Italy. 城市标志：母狼雕塑 Capitoline Wolf she wolf

Roman republic 1、政治总体情况、政治文化 The Roman Republic begins with the overthrow of Roman Kingdom and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire. The chief executive：represents the monarch （首席执政官代表君主） Regime(政体)：democratic republic （民主共和政体） Citizen conference：represents citizens （公民大会代表平民） The senate：represents the nobility (元老院代表贵族) 相互钳制相互制约的制度 The mutual clamping mutual restraint system

2、Clothing Men typically wore a toga(宽外袍), and women a stola. The woman's stola differed in looks from a toga（托加）, and was usually brightly coloured. The cloth and the dress distinguished one class of people from the other class. The tunic worn by plebeians, or common people, like shepherds and slaves, was made from coarse and dark material, whereas the tunic worn by patricians was of linen or white wool. A knight or magistrate would wear an augusticlavus, a tunic bearing small purple studs. Senators wore tunics with broad red stripes, called tunica laticlavia. Military tunics were shorter than the ones worn by civilians. Boys, up until the festival of Liberalia, wore the toga praetexta, which was a toga with a crimson or purple border. The toga virilis, (or toga pura) was worn by men over the age of 16 to signify their citizenship in Rome. The toga picta was worn by triumphant generals and had embroidery of their skill on the battlefield. The toga pulla was worn when in mourning. Roman clad in a toga 古罗马的服饰是身份、地位、等级的象征，不同等级 的人穿什么样的衣服都有严格规 定，并以颜色上的变化作为标志。托加袍只有罗马的公民才能穿，奴隶和外邦人不 能 穿。普通成年公民所穿的托加袍，是简朴而没有装饰的，是天然羊毛样的颜色，平民 的服色多为深灰、浅灰或褐色， 只有参加选举的候选人才穿着纯白色的托加袍，以便 在集会场中更加显眼。古罗马贵族们的服色多为深红、鲜红或 乳白，高级行省官员、 议员和上层社会 16 岁以上的男子可穿镶有紫红边的托加袍，获胜的将军穿饰有金黄色 边的紫 色托加袍，元老们穿着一种宽大的紫色条红的托加袍，只有皇帝才能穿全紫色 的衣服。

3、Sports and entertainment The city of Rome had a place called the Campus Martius ("Field of Mars"), which was a sort of drill ground for Roman soldiers. Later, the Campus became Rome's track and field playground. In the campus, the youth assembled to play and exercise, which included jumping, wrestling, boxing and racing. Equestrian sports（马术）, throwing, and swimming were also preferred physical activities. In the countryside, pastime included fishing and hunting. Board games played in Rome include dice（掷骰子） (Tesserae or Tali), Roman Chess (Latrunculi), Roman Checkers , Tictac-toe（一字棋）, and Ludus duodecim scriptorum and Tabula, predecessors of backgammon（五子棋）. There were several other activities to keep people engaged like chariot races, musical and theatrical performances. 罗马人最喜欢的喜剧是笑剧和哑剧

2、Prose 散文 Representatives: i. Marcus Tullius Cicero(106— 43 BC) works：《论共和国》 《论法律》 He played an important role in the Roman senate, was noted for his oratory and fine writing style. His legal and political speeches are models of Latin diction. His eloquent, oratorical manner of writing, described as Ciceronian, has had an enormous influence on the development of European prose. 他的演说辞讲究程式，注意修辞技巧，描写生动、优美、 句法严谨、行文流畅、音韵和谐、雄辩透彻，他的文体一 直被视为拉丁文学的典范。此外，他还写了许多哲学论文、 修辞学著作和书信，对罗马散文的发展和拉丁语文学语言 的形成做出了重要贡献。 Here are some of his sayings: l. Let wars yield to peace, laurels to paeons. 让战争屈服于和平，殊荣伴随着颂歌。 l. Never less idle than when wholly idle, nor less alone than when wholly anlone. 当别人都空虚时，不会空虚，别人都孤独时，不会孤独。

In his private letters, however, Cicero appears as a different man with a different style, far less rhetorical, but colloquial and intimate: The Queen is a regular nuisance. The idea of her shedding around shady stories about some presents she promised me! Her agent Harmmonius knows that the requests I made of her were quite consistent with my position in the State and amongst scholars and such as I should not be ashamed to cry abroad. When I call to my mind the insolence of Queen herself druing her stay in the gardens across the Tiber I can hardly contain myself. Therefore I will have mothing to do with her and her crew.

representatives: ii. Julius Caesar(102/100? — 44 B. C. ) works: 《高卢战记》 《内战记》, He, who just mentioned, was another and more successful general who became dictator in Rome for a few years until he was assassinated. He recorded what he did and saw in the various military campaigns he took part in and these waritings , collected in his Commentaries, are models of succient Latin. Like the great commander he was, he used language with economy and ferocity, so that words fell almost with the stroke of an iron chisel on stone. Some of his saying are still remenbered today, such as: l. I came, I saw, I conquered. (Veni, vidi, vici) 我来，我见。我征服。

Law civilization 法律文明 德国法学家耶林说“罗马曾三次征服世界：第一次以武力，第二次以宗教，第三次则以 法律。而这第三次征服也许是其中最为平和、最为持久的一次。” Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome, and the legal developments spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence, from the 12 Tables (c. 449 BC), to the Corpus Juris Civilis (AD 529) ordered by Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I. "Roman law" also denotes the legal system applied in most of Western Europe until the end of the 18 th century. In Germany, Roman law practice remained in place longer under the Holy Roman Empire (963– 1806). Roman law thus served as a basis for legal practice throughout Western continental Europe, as well as in most former colonies of these European nations, including Latin America, and also in Ethiopia.

The Twelve Tables 《十二铜表法》第一部成文法 The first legal text is the Law of the Twelve Tables, dating from mid-5 th century BC. The plebeian tribune, C. Terentilius Arsa, proposed that the law should be written, in order to prevent magistrates from applying the law arbitrarily. After eight years of political struggle, the plebeian social class convinced the patricians to send a delegation to Athens, to copy the Laws of Solon; In 451 BC, according to the traditional story (as Livy tells it), ten Roman citizens were chosen to record the laws (decemviri legibus scribundis). While they were performing this task, they were given supreme political power (imperium), whereas the power of the magistrates was restricted. In 450 BC, the decemviri produced the laws on ten tablets (tabulae), but these laws were regarded as unsatisfactory by the plebeians. A second decemvirate is said to have added two further tablets in 449 BC. The new Law of the Twelve Tables was approved by the people's assembly.

5、君士坦丁凯旋门、古罗马广场、古罗马浴场 君士坦丁凯旋门 Arch of Constantine 君士坦丁凯旋门，建于公元312年，它是 为庆祝君士坦丁大帝于公元312年彻底战 胜他的强敌马克森提，并统一帝国而建的。 Situated between the Colosseum and the Palatine Hill. It was erected by the Roman Senate to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Battle of Milvian Bridge on October 28, 312. Dedicated in 315, it is the latest of the existing triumphal arches in Rome 凯撒广场 Forum of Caesar

Painting 绘画艺术 艺术特色： 绘画艺术: 以世俗性为主, 通常反映生活的一个 片段, 具有浓厚的生活气息 继承: 罗马艺术对希腊艺术的复制和仿制 帝国末期: 在基督教思想影响下, 转变为浸透着 象征主义的圣像艺术 Roman painting provides a wide variety of themes: animals, still life, scenes from everyday life, portraits, and some mythological subjects. During the Hellenistic period, it evoked the pleasures of the countryside and represented scenes of shepherds, rustic temples, rural mountainous landscapes and country houses. Erotic scenes are also relatively common. In the late empire, after 200 AD, early Christian themes mixed with pagan imagery survive on catacomb walls. The best known and most important pocket is the wall paintings from Pompeii, Herculaneum and other sites nearby Pompeian painter with painted statue and framed painting Pompeii Boscotrecase, Pompeii. Third style

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