Roger L Costello David B Jacobs 2003 The
Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Examples Using the OWL Camera Ontology Roger L. Costello David B. Jacobs The MITRE Corporation (The creation of this tutorial was sponsored by DARPA) 1
Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Example 1: Bridging the Terminology Gap using OWL • A key problem in achieving interoperability is to be able to recognize that two pieces of data are talking about the same thing, even though different terminology is being used. • The following slides presents an example to show OWL may be used to bridge the "terminology gap". 2
Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Interested in Purchasing a Camera • • Query: "I am interested in purchasing a camera with a 75 -300 mm zoom lens, that has an aperture of 4. 5 -5. 6, and a shutter speed that ranges from 1/500 sec. to 1. 0 sec. " This query can be expressed in XML as: <Camera xmlns: rdf="http: //www. w 3. org/1999/02/22 -rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns="http: //www. camera. org#"> <lens> <Lens> <size>75 -300 mm zoom</size> <aperture>4. 5 -5. 6</aperture> </Lens> </lens> <body> <Body> <shutter-speed rdf: parse. Type="Resource"> <min>0. 002</min> <max>1. 0</max> <units>seconds</units> </shutter-speed> </Body> </body> </Camera> Thus, the query may be recast as: "Find all XML documents which overlap with the above XML document. " 3
Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Is this document relevant? A Web Bot is launched to find camera info. The Bot finds this document at a Web site: Is this document relevant? (Note: SLR = Single Lens Reflex) <Photography. Store rdf: ID="Hunts" xmlns: rdf="http: //www. w 3. org/1999/02/22 -rdf-syntax-ns#"> <store-location>Malden, MA</store-location> <phone>617 -555 -1234</phone> <catalog rdf: parse. Type="Collection"> <SLR rdf: ID="Olympus-OM-10" xmlns="http: //www. camera. org#"> <lens> <Lens> <focal-length>75 -300 mm zoom</focal-length> <f-stop>4. 5 -5. 6</f-stop> </Lens> </lens> <body> <Body> <shutter-speed rdf: parse. Type="Resource"> <min>0. 002</min> <max>1. 0</max> <units>seconds</units> </shutter-speed> </Body> </body> <cost rdf: parse. Type="Resource"> <rdf: value>325</rdf: value> <currency>USD</currency> </cost> </SLR> </catalog> </Photography. Store> 4
Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. 5 A Match? <Photography. Store rdf: ID="Hunts" xmlns: rdf="&rdf; #"> <store-location>Malden, MA</store-location> <phone>617 -555 -1234</phone> <catalog rdf: parse. Type="Collection"> <SLR rdf: ID="Olympus-OM-10" xmlns="http: //www. camera. org#"> <lens> <Lens> <focal-length>75 -300 mm zoom</focal-length> <f-stop>4. 5 -5. 6</f-stop> </Lens> </lens> <body> <Body> <shutter-speed rdf: parse. Type="Resource"> <min>0. 002</min> <max>1. 0</max> <units>seconds</units> </shutter-speed> </Body> </body> <cost rdf: parse. Type="Resource"> <rdf: value>325</rdf: value> <currency>USD</currency> </cost> </SLR> </catalog> </Photography. Store> Match? <Camera xmlns: rdf="http: //www. w 3. org/1999/02/22 -rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns="http: //www. camera. org#"> <lens> <Lens> <size>75 -300 mm zoom</size> <aperture>4. 5 -5. 6</aperture> </Lens> </lens> <body> <Body> <shutter-speed rdf: parse. Type="Resource"> <min>0. 002</min> <max>1. 0</max> <units>seconds</units> </shutter-speed> </Body> </body> </Camera> To determine if there is a match, these questions must be answered: 1. What's the relationship between "SLR" and "Camera"? 2. What's the relationship between "focal-length" and "size"? 3. What's the relationship between "f-stop" and "aperture"?
Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. 6 Relationship? <SLR rdf: ID="Olympus-OM-10" xmlns="http: //www. camera. org#"> <lens> <Lens> <focal-length>75 -300 mm zoom</focal-length> <f-stop>4. 5 -5. 6</f-stop> </Lens> </lens> <body> <Body> <shutter-speed rdf: parse. Type="Resource"> <min>0. 002</min> <max>1. 0</max> <units>seconds</units> </shutter-speed> </Body> </body> <cost rdf: parse. Type="Resource"> <rdf: value>325</rdf: value> <currency>USD</currency> </cost> </SLR> <Camera xmlns: rdf="http: //www. w 3. org/1999/02/22 -rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns="http: //www. camera. org#"> <lens> <Lens> <size>75 -300 mm zoom</size> <aperture>4. 5 -5. 6</aperture> </Lens> </lens> <body> <Body> <shutter-speed rdf: parse. Type="Resource"> <min>0. 002</min> <max>1. 0</max> <units>seconds</units> </shutter-speed> </Body> </body> </Camera>
Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. 7 Relationship between SLR and Camera? This OWL statement (from the Camera Ontology) tells the Web Bot that a SLR is a type of Camera: <owl: Class rdf: ID="SLR"> <rdfs: sub. Class. Of rdf: resource="#Camera"/> </owl: Class> Camera SLR Digital Large-Format
Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Relationship between focal-length and lens size? This OWL statement tells the Web Bot that focal-length is equivalent to lens size: <owl: Datatype. Property rdf: ID="focal-length"> <owl: equivalent. Property rdf: resource="#size"/> <rdfs: domain rdf: resource="#Lens"/> <rdfs: range rdf: resource="&xsd; #string"/> </owl: Datatype. Property> "focal-length is synonymous with (lens) size" 8
Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Relationship between f-stop and aperture? This OWL statement tells the Web Bot that f-stop is equivalent to aperture: <owl: Datatype. Property rdf: ID="f-stop"> <owl: equivalent. Property rdf: resource="#aperture"/> <rdfs: domain rdf: resource="#Lens"/> <rdfs: range rdf: resource="&xsd; #string"/> </owl: Datatype. Property> "f-stop is synonymous with aperture" The Web Bot now recognizes that the XML document it found at the Web site - is talking about Cameras, and it - does show the lens size, and it - does show the aperture for the camera. Thus, the Web Bot has determined that this Olympus OM-10 SLR instance is a match for the query! 9
Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Example 2: Is the Camera a SLR? • In the last example the query was for a Camera. The Web document contained information about a SLR. The Camera Ontology showed that a SLR is a Camera. • This example is the reverse. The query is for a SLR. The Web document contains information about a Camera. Is the Camera a SLR? Again, the Camera Ontology comes to the rescue. 10
Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Interested in Purchasing a SLR • • Query: "I am interested in purchasing a SLR with a 75 -300 mm zoom lens, that has an aperture of 4. 5 -5. 6, and a shutter speed that ranges from 1/500 sec. to 1. 0 sec. " This query can be expressed in XML as: <SLR xmlns: rdf="http: //www. w 3. org/1999/02/22 -rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns="http: //www. camera. org#"> <lens> <Lens> <size>75 -300 mm zoom</size> <aperture>4. 5 -5. 6</aperture> </Lens> </lens> <body> <Body> <shutter-speed rdf: parse. Type="Resource"> <min>0. 002</min> <max>1. 0</max> <units>seconds</units> </shutter-speed> </Body> </body> </SLR> Thus, the query may be recast as: "Find all XML documents which overlap with the above XML document. " 11
Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Is this document relevant? A Web Bot is launched to find camera info. The Bot finds this document at a Web site: Is this document relevant? <Photography. Store rdf: ID="Hunts" xmlns: rdf="http: //www. w 3. org/1999/02/22 -rdf-syntax-ns#"> <store-location>Malden, MA</store-location> <phone>617 -555 -1234</phone> <catalog rdf: parse. Type="Collection"> <Camera rdf: ID="Olympus-OM-10" xmlns="http: //www. camera. org#"> <view. Finder rdf: resource="http: //www. camera. org#Through. The. Lens"/> <lens> <Lens> <focal-length>75 -300 mm zoom</focal-length> <f-stop>4. 5 -5. 6</f-stop> </Lens> </lens> <body> <Body> <shutter-speed rdf: parse. Type="Resource"> <min>0. 002</min> <max>1. 0</max> <units>seconds</units> </shutter-speed> </Body> </body> <cost rdf: parse. Type="Resource"> <rdf: value>325</rdf: value> <currency>USD</currency> </cost> </Camera> </catalog> </Photography. Store> 12
Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. 13 A Match? <Photography. Store rdf: ID="Hunts" xmlns: rdf="http: //www. w 3. org/1999/02/22 -rdf-syntax-ns#"> <store-location>Malden, MA</store-location> <phone>617 -555 -1234</phone> <catalog rdf: parse. Type="Collection"> <Camera rdf: ID="Olympus-OM-10" xmlns="http: //www. camera. org#"> <view. Finder rdf: resource="http: //www. camera. org#Through. The. Lens"/> <lens> <Lens> <focal-length>75 -300 mm zoom</focal-length> <f-stop>4. 5 -5. 6</f-stop> </Lens> </lens> <body> <Body> <shutter-speed rdf: parse. Type="Resource"> <min>0. 002</min> <max>1. 0</max> <units>seconds</units> </shutter-speed> </Body> </body> <cost rdf: parse. Type="Resource"> <rdf: value>325</rdf: value> <currency>USD</currency> </cost> </Camera> </catalog> </Photography. Store> Match? <SLR xmlns: rdf="http: //www. w 3. org/1999/02/22 -rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns="http: //www. camera. org#"> <lens> <Lens> <size>75 -300 mm zoom</size> <aperture>4. 5 -5. 6</aperture> </Lens> </lens> <body> <Body> <shutter-speed rdf: parse. Type="Resource"> <min>0. 002</min> <max>1. 0</max> <units>seconds</units> </shutter-speed> </Body> </body> </SLR> To determine if there is a match, these questions must be answered: 1. What's the relationship between "SLR" and "Camera"? 2. What's the relationship between "focal-length" and "size"? 3. What's the relationship between "f-stop" and "aperture"?
Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. 14 Relationship? <Camera rdf: ID="Olympus-OM-10" xmlns="http: //www. camera. org#"> <view. Finder rdf: resource="http: //www. camera. org#Through. The. Lens"/> <lens> <Lens> <focal-length>75 -300 mm zoom</focal-length> <f-stop>4. 5 -5. 6</f-stop> </Lens> </lens> <body> <Body> <shutter-speed rdf: parse. Type="Resource"> <min>0. 002</min> <max>1. 0</max> <units>seconds</units> </shutter-speed> </Body> </body> <cost rdf: parse. Type="Resource"> <rdf: value>325</rdf: value> <currency>USD</currency> </cost> </Camera> <SLR xmlns: rdf="http: //www. w 3. org/1999/02/22 -rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns="http: //www. camera. org#"> <lens> <Lens> <size>75 -300 mm zoom</size> <aperture>4. 5 -5. 6</aperture> </Lens> </lens> <body> <Body> <shutter-speed rdf: parse. Type="Resource"> <min>0. 002</min> <max>1. 0</max> <units>seconds</units> </shutter-speed> </Body> </body> </SLR>
Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. 15 SLRs are characterized by a view finder that is "through the lens" Camera SLR Digital Properties: lens: Lens body: Body view. Finder: Viewer Large-Format Properties: view. Finder: has. Value= #Through. The. Lens (SLR is characterized by a view. Finder that is through the lens) While all Cameras have a view. Finder, a SLR has a view. Finder whose value is restricted to "Through. The. Lens".
Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Relationship between SLR and Camera? This OWL statement (from the Camera Ontology) tells the Web Bot that SLRs are precisely those Cameras which have a "Through. The. Lens" view. Finder: <owl: Class rdf: ID="SLR"> <owl: intersection. Of rdf: parse. Type="Collection"> <owl: Class rdf: about="#Camera"/> <owl: Restriction> <owl: on. Property rdf: resource="#view. Finder"/> <owl: has. Value rdf: resource="#Through. The. Lens"/> </owl: Restriction> </owl: intersection. Of> </owl: Class> Since the XML document has a view. Finder property with the value 'Through. The. Lens' we can infer that: The Olympus-OM-10 is a SLR! The previous example showed the OWL statements which indicated that f-stop is equivalent to aperture, and focal-length is equivalent to aperture. Therefore, the XML document is a match! 16
Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Summary: Interoperability despite terminology differences! • The previous two examples demonstrated how a Web Bot was able to dynamically process an XML document from a Web site, despite the fact that the XML document used terminology different than was used to express the query. This interoperability was achieved through the use of the OWL Camera Ontology! 17
Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Example 3: Recognizing that Data is NOT Relevant • The previous examples discussed the importance of recognizing that two pieces of data are talking about the same thing. • There are many occasions where it is important to recognize that a piece of data is NOT relevant. • The following slides extends the camera example to demonstrate how the Camera Ontology may be used to determine that a piece of data is not relevant. 18
Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Same Query as Before • Query: "I am interested in purchasing a camera with a 75 -300 mm zoom lens, that has an aperture of 4. 5 -5. 6, and a shutter speed that ranges from 1/500 sec. to 1. 0 sec. " 19
Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. 20 Is this document relevant? A Web Bot is launched to find camera info. The Bot finds this document at a Web site: <Photography. Store rdf: ID="RJs-Specialty. Cameras" xmlns: rdf="http: //www. w 3. org/1999/02/22 -rdf-syntax-ns#"> <store-location>Boston, MA</store-location> <phone>617 -555 -4321</phone> <catalog rdf: parse. Type="Collection"> <Large-Format rdf: ID="Ansel. Adams-LF 4 x 5" xmlns="http: //www. camera. org#">. . . </Large-Format> </catalog> </Photography. Store> By consulting the Camera Ontology, the Web Bot can immediately dismiss this document, without even examining the contents of <Large-Format>. The next slides show how.
Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. 21 Camera Ontology (updated) This class hierarchy shows that Large-Format is a type of Camera which has a body with a non-adjustable shutter-speed: Camera SLR Digital Properties: lens: Lens body: Body view. Finder: Viewer Large-Format Properties: view. Finder: has. Value= #Through. The. Lens (SLR is characterized by a view. Finder that is through the lens) Properties: body: all. Values. From Body. With. Non. Adjustable. Shutter. Speed (i. e. , no shutter-speed adjusting on LF cameras)
Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. 22 No Match! These two OWL statements tells the Web Bot that, while a Large-Format is a type of Camera, its shutter-speed cannot be adjusted. Thus, the XML document is not a match: <owl: Class rdf: ID="Large-Format"> <owl: sub. Class. Of rdf: resource="#Camera"/> <owl: sub. Class. Of> <owl: Restriction> <owl: on. Property rdf: resource="#body"/> <owl: all. Values. From rdf: resource="#Body. With. Non. Adjustable. Shutter. Speed"/> </owl: Restriction> </owl: sub. Class. Of> </owl: Class> <owl: Class rdf: ID="Body. With. Non. Adjustable. Shutter. Speed"> <owl: intersection. Of rdf: parse. Type="Collection"> <owl: Class rdf: about="#Body"/> <owl: Restriction> <owl: on. Property rdf: resource="#shutter-speed"/> <owl: cardinality>0</owl: cardinality> </owl: Restriction> </owl: intersection. Of> </owl: Class>
Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Quickly Recognizing Irrelevant Data • The previous three examples covered opposite ends of the spectrum: – recognizing when data is relevant – recognizing when data is NOT relevant. • With all cases, it was the (Camera) Ontology which provided the information needed to make the assessment of relevance. 23
Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Example 4: Distributed Knowledge Representation • A critical capability required for operating in today's information overload is the ability to aggregate (bring together) information from disparate sources into a unified, coherent form. • The example on the following slides shows how a Web Bot can aggregate Camera data from multiple Web sites. 24
Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. I want a Camera for under $500 • Query: "I am interested in purchasing a camera with a 75 -300 mm zoom lens, that has an aperture of 4. 5 -5. 6, and a shutter speed that ranges from 1/500 sec. to 1. 0 sec. I want to spend under $500 USD. " 25
Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Olympus-Retail-Outlet-Store Sells Camera Body/Lens Separately A Web Bot is launched to find camera info. The Bot finds this document at a Web site: <Olympus-Retail-Outlet-Store xmlns: rdf="http: //www. w 3. org/1999/02/22 -rdf-syntax-ns#"> <inventory rdf: parse. Type="Collection"> <Body rdf: about="http: //www. olympus. com#Olympus-OM-10 -body" xmlns="http: //www. camera. org#"> <cost rdf: parse. Type="Resource"> <rdf: value>325</rdf: value> <currency>USD</currency> </cost> </Body> <Lens rdf: about="http: //www. olympus. com#EX 38" xmlns="http: //www. camera. org#"> <compatible. With rdf: resource="http: //www. olympus. com#Olympus-OM-10 -body"/> <cost rdf: parse. Type="Resource"> <rdf: value>295</rdf: value> <currency>USD</currency> </cost> </Lens> </inventory> </Olympus-Retail-Outlet-Store> This document references an Olympus-OM-10 -body resource, and an EX 38 resource. The Olympus-OM-10 -body is listed as costing $345 USD. The EX 38 is listed as being compatible. With the Olympus-OM-10 -body, and costs $295 USD. The Web Bot is unable to determine if this information is relevant until it processes the two referenced resources. The Web Bot stores this document away for later processing. . . 26
Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Olympus Corporation has the referenced Camera Body and Lens The Web Bot finds the referenced resources at the Olympus Corp's Web site: <Olympus. Corporation xmlns: rdf="http: //www. w 3. org/1999/02/22 -rdf-syntax-ns#" xml: base="http: //www. olympus. com"> <inventory rdf: parse. Type="Collection"> <Body rdf: ID="Olympus-OM-10 -body" xmlns="http: //www. camera. org#"> <shutter-speed rdf: parse. Type="Resource"> <min>0. 002</min> <max>1. 0</max> <units>seconds</units> </shutter-speed> </Body> <Lens rdf: ID="EX 38" xmlns="http: //www. camera. org#"> <focal-length>75 -300 mm zoom</focal-length> <f-stop>4. 5 -5. 6</f-stop> </Lens> </inventory> </Olympus. Corporation> Note: the complete identifier for Olympus-OM-10 -body is the concatenation of the xml: base with '#' and "Olympus-OM-10 -body", i. e. , http: //www. olympus. com#Olympus-OM-10 -body Thus, the above document is defining the resource referenced by the Outlet store on the previous slide: <Body rdf: about="http: //www. olympus. com#Olympus-OM-10 -body"> Ditto for EX 38. 27
Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. 28 The Two Web Documents Outlet Store <Olympus-Retail-Outlet-Store xmlns: rdf="http: //www. w 3. org/1999/02/22 -rdf-syntax-ns#"> <inventory rdf: parse. Type="Collection"> <Body rdf: about="http: //www. olympus. com#Olympus-OM-10 -body" xmlns="http: //www. camera. org#"> <cost rdf: parse. Type="Resource"> <rdf: value>325</rdf: value> <currency>USD</currency> </cost> </Body> <Lens rdf: about="http: //www. olympus. com#EX 38" xmlns="http: //www. camera. org#"> <compatible. With rdf: resource="http: //www. olympus. com#Olympus-OM-10 -body"/> <cost rdf: parse. Type="Resource"> <rdf: value>295</rdf: value> <currency>USD</currency> </cost> </Lens> </inventory> </Olympus-Retail-Outlet-Store> Olympus Corp. <Olympus. Corporation xmlns: rdf="&rdf; #" xml: base="http: //www. olympus. com"> <inventory rdf: parse. Type="Collection"> <Body rdf: ID="Olympus-OM-10 -body" xmlns="http: //www. camera. org#"> <shutter-speed rdf: parse. Type="Resource"> <min>0. 002</min> <max>1. 0</max> <units>seconds</units> </shutter-speed> </Body> <Lens rdf: ID="EX 38" xmlns="http: //www. camera. org#"> <focal-length>75 -300 mm zoom</focal-length> <f-stop>4. 5 -5. 6</f-stop> </Lens> </inventory> </Olympus. Corporation> The Web Bot can now merge the data from the two Web sites. . .
Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. 29 Aggregating Data: Olympus-OM-10 -body <Body rdf: about="http: //www. olympus. com#Olympus-OM-10 -body"> <cost rdf: parse. Type="Resource"> <rdf: value>325</rdf: value> <currency>USD</currency> </cost> </Body> <Body rdf: ID="Olympus-OM-10 -body"> <shutter-speed rdf: parse. Type="Resource"> <min>0. 002</min> <max>1. 0</max> <units>seconds</units> </shutter-speed> </Body> <Body rdf: about="http: //www. olympus. com#Olympus-OM-10 -body"> <shutter-speed rdf: parse. Type="Resource"> <min>0. 002</min> <max>1. 0</max> <units>seconds</units> </shutter-speed> <cost rdf: parse. Type="Resource"> <rdf: value>325</rdf: value> <currency>USD</currency> </cost> </Body> The Web Bot now recognizes that the Outlet store is selling a Camera Body with the desired shutter speed, at a cost of $325 USD.
Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Aggregating Data: EX 38 Lens <Lens rdf: about="http: //www. olympus. com#EX 38"> <compatible. With rdf: resource="http: //www. olympus. com#Olympus-OM-10 -body"/> <cost rdf: parse. Type="Resource"> <rdf: value>295</rdf: value> <currency>USD</currency> </cost> </Lens> <Lens rdf: ID="EX 38"> <focal-length>75 -300 mm zoom</focal-length> <f-stop>4. 5 -5. 6</f-stop> </Lens> <Lens rdf: about="http: //www. olympus. com#EX 38"> <compatible. With rdf: resource="http: //www. olympus. com#Olympus-OM-10 -body"/> <focal-length>75 -300 mm zoom</focal-length> <f-stop>4. 0 -4. 5</f-stop> <cost rdf: parse. Type="Resource"> <rdf: value>295</rdf: value> <currency>USD</currency> </cost> </Lens> The Web Bot now recognizes that the Olympus Outlet store is selling a Camera Lens that is compatible with the Camera body and the Lens has the desired f-stop and focal-length, and the Lens costs $295 USD. Thus, the Web Bot has located a Camera Body, along with a compatible Camera Lens. However, it's too expensive: Total Cost: $325 + $295 = $620 A cheaper Lens needs to be found. . . 30
Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Sears has a cheaper, compatible lens! The Web Bot locates a cheaper, compatible lens at the Sears Web site: <Sears. Roebuck xmlns: rdf="http: //www. w 3. org/1999/02/22 -rdf-syntax-ns#"> <camera-inventory rdf: parse. Type="Collection"> <Lens rdf: ID="Sears-300 -Zoom" xmlns="http: //www. camera. org#"> <compatible. With rdf: resource="http: //www. olympus. com#Olympus-OM-10 -body"/> <focal-length>75 -300 mm zoom</focal-length> <f-stop>4. 0 -4. 5</f-stop> <cost rdf: parse. Type="Resource"> <rdf: value>145</rdf: value> <currency>USD</currency> </cost> </Lens> </camera-inventory> </Sears. Roebuck> With this lens the cost of Body plus Lens is: Total Cost: $325 + $145 = $470 This meets the query's request for a Camera which costs under $500 USD! 31
Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. Aggregating Data to Create Unified, Coherent Information! Outlet Store 32 Olympus Corp. <Olympus-Retail-Outlet-Store> <inventory rdf: parse. Type="Collection"> <Body rdf: about="http: //www. olympus. com#Olympus-OM-10 -body">. . . </Body> <Lens rdf: about="http: //www. olympus. com#EX 38"> <compatible. With rdf: resource="http: //www. olympus. com#Olympus-OM-10 -body"/>. . . </Lens>. . . </inventory> </Olympus-Retail-Outlet-Store> <Olympus. Corporation xml: base="http: //www. olympus. com"> <catalog rdf: parse. Type="Collection"> <Body rdf: ID="Olympus-OM-10 -body">. . . </Body> <Lens rdf: ID="EX 38">. . . </Lens>. . . </catalog> </Olympus. Corporation> Web Bot Sears <Sears. Roebuck> <camera-catalog rdf: parse. Type="Collection"> <Lens rdf: ID="Sears-300 -Zoom"> <compatible. With rdf: resource="http: //www. olympus. com#Olympus-OM-10 -body"/>. . . </Lens>. . . </camera-catalog> </ Sears. Roebuck>
Roger L. Costello, David B. Jacobs. © 2003 The MITRE Corporation. These Examples are Online! Here is the URL to a pictorial view of the Camera Ontology: http: //www. xfront. com/owl/ontologies/camera/sld 001. htm Here is the URL to the camera. owl document: http: //www. xfront. com/owl/ontologies/camera. owl Here are the URLs to 7 physical expressions (instance documents): http: //www. xfront. com/owl/ontologies/camera/Query 1. xml http: //www. xfront. com/owl/ontologies/camera/Hunts. xml http: //www. xfront. com/owl/ontologies/camera/Query 2. xml http: //www. xfront. com/owl/ontologies/camera/Hunts 2. xml http: //www. xfront. com/owl/ontologies/camera/RJs. xml http: //www. xfront. com/owl/ontologies/camera/Olympus. Outlet. Store. xml http: //www. xfront. com/owl/ontologies/camera/Olympus. Corp. xml 33
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