Robust measures of EcosystemBased Adaptation in mountains Monitoring
Robust measures of Ecosystem-Based Adaptation in mountains Monitoring system Landscape reserve at Nor Yauyos Cochas - Perú Anelí Gómez Lovatón Lima, December 10 th, 2015
Content • Introduction ØMountain Eb. A proyect, What is Eb. A? , What are robust measures? , Scope of work. • Problems and robust measures implemented. • Monitoring system design for robust measures • Implemented monitoring system • Thoughts
Introduction
Mountain Eb. A proyect Global Programme : Uganda, Nepal and Peru Components Methodologies and tools for Eb. A Application of methodologies and tools at ecosystem levels Implementation of solutions for Eb. A at ecosystem level and strenghtening of capabilities (UICN & IM work in robust measures or o no-regrets) Promotion of Eb. A at national level and incorporation of Eb. A in planning Fuente: http: //www. ebaflagship. org/peru/index. php/eba-montana-peru
Ecosystem-based Adaptation measures (Eb. A) Robust measures – Definition Eb. A Measures Based on sustainable management, preservation and ecosystem recovery. Require development of Vulnerability research and climate scenarios. This measures consider additionality. They are implemented in short and long term “No regrets” Measures Offer socio-economical and environmental cobenefits indepently of any approaching climatic scenario. Achieven in short term. Entry point for trust relationship building with local communities Strong support in population knowledge Low-cost
Context: Landscape reserve at Nor Yauyos Cochas • Peruvian Central Andes. • Direct use protected area Area. • Land tenure is mainly communal. • Head of basin of Cañete and Cochas – Mantaro. Cochas Basin Cañete Basin
High Mountain Ecosystem Miraflores Canchayllo
Problems and robust measures implemented
Weather at RPNYC, climatic tendencies, climatic risks (VIA) for RPNYC High level of Alto nivel de uncertainty (FDA, 2013). Weaher Mean T° : 8°; Max T°: 19°C; Min T° 0. Pp: 650 -750 mm/year 2 different periods : Dry season (may-november) and Rainy season (december-april). High climatic variability. The T° will increase between 0. 61°C and 1. 12°C (2011 -2030). Rain: Changes in Pp patterns but none in annual quantity. Reduction of annual overflow. Climatic tendencies and scenarios up to 2100 (Mantaro Basin) Mean rising of maximum and minimum temperatures: 2. 7°C and 2. 3°C, Reduction of rain during winters and summers in north and central Basin sectors. Rising of freezings frequency in some parts of the basin. Climatic risks Longer droughts. Heavier rain and shorter precipitation patterns. Potential floodings Greater fire risks. Changes in hydrological patterns Affectation of water sources and meadows, vital for stockbreeder communities.
Problems- Vulnerability in Miraflores and Canchayllo § Overgrazing zones with low, medium and high meadow qualities § Lack of water on dry season § Organizational weakening for natural resources management. § Insufficent water distribution. § Los fulfillment of communal agreements for stock management. § Migration and low birthrate (Miraflores)
• Eb. A robust measures in Canchayllo Improving availabitity and distribution of water and improving communal management of native meadow. Institutional and organizational communal strenghtening Management plan of meadow and water; projects in: • Organization • Responsible nd sustainable stockbreeding • Take care of and recover meadow quality • Sustainable water management and main • Training in water and meadow management. 3 pilot plots of 1 ha each Strenghtening of locals’ Sustainable management capabilities of native water and local and meadows knowledge • “Green-gray” infrastructure • Capabilities for sustainable water and meadow management Local/traditional lore Fotografías: Copyright © Instituto de Montaña
Canchayllo • • Water infrastructure: 1) Building of dyke eaves at Chacara lake (78 m³) 2) Rehabilitation of the Chacara-Jutupuquio channel (2855 m) Restore wetlands, native meadows and natural water courses and reservoirs. Fotografías: Copyright © Instituto de Montaña
Canchayllo Ecosystem
Eb. A robust measure in Miraflores Expansion and conservation of wetlands and communal management of native meadows. Institutional and organizational communal and strenghtening Management plan for meadows water; projects in: • Organization • Responsible and sustainable stockbreeding • Take care of and recover meadow quality • Sustainable water management and main • Training in water and meadow management. Strenghtening of locals’ Sustainable management capabilities of native water and local and meadows knowledge • “Green-gray” infrastructure • Capabilities for sustainable water and meadow management Bind local/traditional lore and Eb. A Fotografías: Copyright © Instituto de Montaña
Miraflores • • • Fuente: En base a señalización del canal Yanacancha – Coriuna(Ramírezy Herrera, 2013 Water infrastructure: • Expansion of Yanacancha fence(5 ha) • Rehabilitation of Yanacancha – Curiuna channel (2 km restored; 2. 4 km built) Sectorization of herding zonesin Curiuna – Tuntinia (2. 4 km * 80 ha). Restore wetlands, native meadows and natural water courses and reservoirs.
Miraflores Ecosystem
Design of indicators’ system for robust measures Eb. A Project
Process of the design of monitoring system for robust measures MEASURE “Expansion and preservation of wetlands AGENCY(IES) COMMUNITY IM and UICN Miraflores IM and UICN Canchayllo PNUD with PNUMA support Tanta and communal management for native meadows” Recovery of wetlands and native meadow management Stockbreeding organization and connected activities Vicuna management and fiber exploitation IM – UICN design indicators’ system for robust measures which include social, ecology and operational aspects November 2013 Design workshop for impact indicators at ecosystem level December 2013 With WCMC* support Tanta (Moyobamba sector) Several meetings of joint development for the indicators’ system and exhibition January - September 2014 All partners of Eb. A project (PNUD, PNUMA, UICN, IM, RPNYC, SERNANP, MINAM) design impact indicators at ecosystem, biodiversity and ecosystem service level and some for exhibition December 2013 – Setember 2014 Prioritizacion of indicators for robust measures IM- UICN - RPNYC May - August 2015 Implementation of monitoring system IM- UICN - RPNYC September 2015 * UNEP –World Conservation Monitoring Center
Expected change un robust measures implementation Result Any future climatic scenario Environmental benefits: Ecosystem services and Biodiversity (Eb. A) Social benefits Economical benefits Reduction of vulnerability towards climate change. Resilience increase in communities and ecosystems.
Design of robust measures AXIS EXPECTED MEASURE IMPACT Drought vulnerability reduction. CLIMATE SCENARIO ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS : ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND BIODIVERSITY SOCIAL BENEFITS ECONOMICAL BENEFITS Higher temperatures and probable scrubland fire vulnerability reduction. Water provision and regulation. Nutrient support and primary production. (In pilot plots) Meadow provision. Biodiversity. Educational and cultural. Organizational capability strenghtening and techniques for water and meadow management Social equality Income INDICATOR
Aspects worked by Eb. A project with support from WCMC* • State ecosystems operation in order to provide ecosystem services Ecosystem processes • • Water cycle Mineral cycle Solar energy flow Biologycal growth: mineral cycle accelerates as there are more animals, including insects and microorganisms Physical structure of a ecosystem • Vegetation • Land • Food chain Processes and structures interactions in a ecosystem • • • Herbivores Predators Frugivores Scavengers Parasites *UNEP –World Conservation Monitoring Center
Prioritization criteria for robust measures indicators Axis CLIMATIC SCENARIO ENVIRONMENT AL BENEFITS: ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND BIODIVERSITY SOCIALS BENEFITS ECONOMIC BENEFITS Capability of the Capability of indicator to Functional to measure Feasibility Available the locals’ Indicator of costs and human indicator to the interests and time. resources measure reduction of capabilities. robustness. vulnerabilit y in the population. Capability of Capability the indicator of the to measure indicator to the impact of measure the robust resilience measure increase in during the ecosystems project span
Aspects to monitor for measure implementation, Mountain Eb. A project Exhibition aspect Operational aspect (Administrative) Impact aspect (Biodiversity, ecosystems and population) Measure exhibition to CC Measure investment Surroundings reations to the measures Fuente: En base a Dourojeanni, 2014 ¿How do the atmospherical processes affect the design and implementation of measures? ¿What is done and how much does it cost for measure implementation? ¿How is resilience improving?
Monitoring system implemented for robust measures
Miraflores and Canchayllo indicators Social Indicators 1. Technical knowledge in meadow management. 2. Application of practices in meadow management 3. Meadow and water management plan compliance. 4. Communal initiatives in meadow and water management, organization and influence of te infrastruture. Environmental indicators 5. Meadow status. In direct intervention areas 6. Surface of herding meadows during dry season (hectáres) 7. Water level at Jutupuquio lake (channel mouth at communal farm in Canchayllo). Water level of Yanacancha at the pipe socket and water volume destined for drinkable water. 8. Spring number / water level of springs per season of the year. (Only applies to Canchayllo community) Adaptative Capabilities Meadow provision and water regulation
Measurement methods: Social indicators Indicators Description 1 Knowledge indicator level of meadow Method: Self-assessment management. Indicator includes this measurements: 2. Compliance level to the meadow management practices. Alterning herding (Miraflores). Meadow condition assessment. Fencing. Meadow recovery (Canchayllo). Knowledge indicator Method: Self-assessment at family and community levels Indicator includes this measurements: Alterning herding (Miraflores). Meadow condition assessment. Fencing. Meadow recovery (Canchayllo). Frequency In charge of Start of project Project team (September 2013) End of project Project team (September 2015). Start of project (September 2013) End of project (September 2015). No more measurements after end of project Project team
Measurement methods: Social indicators Indicators 3. Compliance level to the meadow and water management plan. Description Organizational capabilities indicator Method: Identify and verify the existence of strategies and agreements for initiative implementation. Indicator divides in: Frequency Start of project (September 2013) In charge of Project team End of project Project team (September 2015). (a) Setting the communal organization strategy for sustainable meadow and water management (Meadow and water management Yearly assessments RPNYC team until 2020 and the plan). community (b) Progress level in the implementation of communal organization strategies for sustainable meadow and water management at communal areas. 4. Communal iniciatives for organization for meadow and water management in areas of influence of the infrastucture. Organizational capabilities indicator Method: Identify and verify current initiatives. Indicator divides in: (a) Number and names of committees for meadow and water management in the influence zone of the infrasturcture. (b) Number of agreements and regulations created for meadow and water management in the influence zone of the infrasturcture. Start of project (September 2013) Project team End of project Project team (September 2015).
Measurement methods: Environmental indicators Indicators 5. Meadow status. Description Method Observation and transects. At direct intervention areas. Indicator includes: Vegetal coverage Meadow status is measured by levels Methodology notes: Frequency In charge of Baseline (October 2013) Last year of project (September 2015) Project team After project (twice per year: may and september) RPNYC team and the community Project team Two measurements are required per year, at dry and rain seasons. 6. Area of herding meadow in dry seasons (hectares) At direct intervention areas. Area of herding meadow in dry seasons means the Baseline (October area that contains drinkable water for animals and 2013) is apt for herding even in dry seasons. Last year of project (September 2015) Project team
Measurement methods: Environmental indicators Indicators 7. Jutupuquio lake water lever (Canchayllo). Yanacancha water level in the pipe socket and water volume destined for drinkable water. . (Miraflores) Description Method: Buoyant speed over surface (Main flow with running water) or measure of water level by volumetric method (Minimal water level, requieres acumulation of volume over time). Frequency Baseline (October 2013) Last year of project (September 2015) After project (twice Two measurements are required per year, at dry and per year: may and september) rain seasons. Methodology notes: 8. Spring number / Method: Identification of springs with support of water level of springs local researchers and GPS per season of the year. Water level measurement: Buoyant speed over (Area of influence, surface (Main flow with running water) or measure Chacara – Yanaotuto of water level by volumetric method (Minimal water sector Canchayllo) level, requieres acumulation of volume over time). Indicator divides in: (a) Number of springs: (b) Water level of springs In charge of Project team RPNYC team and the community Baseline (October 2013) Last year of project (September 2015) Project team After project (twice per year: may and september) RPNYC team and the community Project team
1 st monitoring report for Miraflores impact
1. Level of technical knowledge in meadow management. 21 surveyed persons Fencing Alterning herding Self assessment Baseline (Set 2103): End of project (Set -2015): Self assessment Baseline (Set 2103): End of project (Set 2015): Poor Regular Good Very good 6 15 1 0 0 1 20 1 Poor 7 0 Regular 13 3 Good 2 16 Very good 0 3 Assessment of steps condition 6 persons trained Self assessment Baseline End of project (Set -2103): (Set -2015): Poor Regular Good Very good 3 2 1 0 0 3 3 0
2. Practices application level in meadow management. Family level Alterning herding Fencing Self assessment Baseline (Set 2103): End of project (Set 2015): Poor Regular Good Very good 2 12 8 1 Poor Regular Good Very good 5 9 6 2 6 14 2 0 Self assessment Assessment of steps condition 6 persons trained Poor Regular Good Very good Baseline (Set 2103): 4 2 0 0 8 11 3 0 End of project (Set -2015): 4 2 1
2. Practices application level in meadow management. Communal level Alterning herding Fencing Self assessment Baseline (Set 2103): End of project (Set 2015): Poor Regular Good Very good 0 3 18 1 Poor Regular Good Very good 0 3 15 4 8 14 0 0 Self assessment Assessment of steps condition 6 persons trained Poor Regular Good Very good Baseline (Set 2103): 5 1 0 0 10 11 1 0 End of project (Set -2015): 3 3 0 0
3. Compliance level of meadow and water management plan. Baseline End of project (September 2013) (September 2015) • Existence of meadow and water management plan: NO • Number of initiatives for strategy implementation: 0, none Indicator to be measured by RPNYC and the Community • Existence of meadow and water management plan : YES • Number of initiatives for strategy implementation : • Number and description of initiatives for meadow management: 1 municipal initiative • Number and description of initiatives for lifestock management : 1 communal initiative • Number and description of initiatives for water management : 1 communal initiative and 2 municipal initiatives • Number and description of initiatives for communal organization : 2 communal initiatives • Number and description of initiatives for communal training: 2 municipal initiaties, none implemented
4. Communal initiatives for organization of meadow and water management in the influence zone of the infrastructure. Baseline End of project (September 2013) (September 2015) a. Number and names of committees for meadow and water management in the influence zone of the infrasturcture : 0 b. Number of agreements and regulations created for meadow and water management in the influence zone of the infrasturcture : 0 a. Number and names of committees for meadow and water management in the influence zone of the infrasturcture : 3 Committees: 02 for meadow and water management and 01 for maintenance of water structure. b. Number of agreements and regulations created for meadow and water management in the influence zone of the infrasturcture : 10 agreements: 7 for animal management, 2 for meadow management, 1 for watering holes management.
Indicator to be measured by RPNYC and the Community 5. Meadow status Vegetal coverage Assessment sites Baseline (Set 2103): Site 10 73% Curiuna Pampalpa Parahuichao End of project (Set 2015): 65. 65% Assessment sites Site 10 Curiuna Pampalpa Parahuichao Site 07: Yanacancha Baseline (Set End of project -2103): (Set -2015): Ovine, Poor Very poor. Bovine Poor Bovine Very poor Ovine, Poor Very poor. Bovine Poor Site 07: Yanacancha 70% Site 8: 69% Yanacanc ha Bofedal . 55. 75% 90% Site 8: Yanacancha Bofedal Ovine, Very poor Bovine Very poor Ovine, Regular Bovine Poor
6. Meadow area in the dry season (hectare) Baseline End of Project (September 2013) (September 2015) Meadow area in dry season. Influence area of the infrastructure: 3 ha Meadow area in dry season. Influence area of the infrastructure: 165 ha
7. Yanacancha water level at the pipe socket and water level destined for drinkable water. Baseline End of Project (October 2013) (September 2015) Yanacancha water level, destined for drinkable water: The data was not registered. Yanacancha water level, destined for drinkable water: 0. 23 l/s Yanacancha water level, destined for livestock: 0. 6 l/s 0. 52 l/s Indicator to be measure by RPNYC and the community
8. Number of springs / springs water level by season ( Canchayllo ) Codes Hidroandes 01 / Yanaotuto Sector April 23 th 0 and 24 th 2015 Coordinates East North MJ-LG-01 425496 8683227 MJ-MA-01 425039 8682927 MJ-MA-02 424790 8682956 MJ-MA-03 423541 8683781 MJ-MA-04 422857 8685483 MJ-MA-05 423765 8688617 MJ-MA-06 423871 8688774 MJ-MA-07 423974 8689064 MJ-MA-08 425088 8682770 MJ-MA-09 424532 8682945 MC-MA-01 422089 8683375 Indicator to be measure by RPNYC and the community Water Level (l/s) 151. 7 0. 6 0. 2 0. 3 0. 5 2. 0 18. 0 86. 2 0. 5 0. 3
Economic Evaluation Conventional Cost Benefit Analysis Value ecosystem services of pasture and water supply for human consumption and livestock. Scenarios without project , with CC and without CC. 20 -year projection ü Ratio B / C CPCC Miraflores: 1. 44 ü Ratio B / C CPCC Canchayllo : 1. 03 Multicriteria Participatory Cost Benefit Analysis Value ecosystem , social , climate change and economic criteria. ( From the Community perspective ) ü Ratio B / C Miraflores : 2. 25 ü Ratio B / C Canchayllo : 2. 18
Performance Monitoring/ Cualitative Evaluation • Biannual application of the learning tool in the action. Reflection of the action. With participation of communities, reserve and the project team. • Systematization : Write together the project experience. With participation of communities , reserve, the project team, project partners.
Thoughts
Some Thoughts Eb. A Impact Indicators • Monitoring System with various dimensions‒ ecosystems, ecosystem services and biodiversity; climate change; and social impact (adaptive capacities ) - for a comprehensive approach of Eb. A. • Indicators of ' Impact ' usually begin to be seen in the medium and long term (considering the aim to reduce the vulnerability of communities and ecosystems) • Some indicators can not be measured within the project. • It is necessary to measure the indicators of impact over time to have reliable information and really determine the impact.
Some Thoughts Social impact and participatory approach Indicators Social impact indicators related to the change in the adaptive capacities of the population ( Organization and knowledge). • In this project the social indicators are especially important because the nature of the participatory approach in the process of implementing robust measures. • The relevance of participatory monitoring as part of the development of the population adaptive capacities. (We could not design a 100 % participatory monitoring system but we could design a participatory system for the most relevant indicators for communities ) • From now the monitoring system will be left in the hands of RPNYC and communities. This helps to: ü Strengthen the relationship between the community and RPNYC ü Verify the project impacts and contributions to the conservation objectives of the RPNYC. ü Make community decisions regarding the management of their pastures and water.
Algunas reflexiones • It is important to allocate time to establish a baseline when the project starts. • It is important to define a set of appropriate indicators , following this criteria : measurable, specific, achievable , realistic , limited in time, considering the capacities of the team and the interests of the community and RPNYC). • Social indicators raised measurements challenges by having qualitative information.
Algunas reflexiones • Context indicators : ü Influence of social and political context. ü Influence of atmospheric processes in the implementation of measures • Unable to measure the exposure of the measures against atmospheric processes. • The political/social context in troubled communities influences on the level of pasture and water management; therefore influences on the level of impact of the measures. (Canchayllo Case )
Algunos Reflexiones • Quantitative results complemented with qualitative results of other tools (Action Learning , participatory ACB , systematization ). • Provide background information and understand the complexity. • Allow reflection and analysis process. • Collect the sentiments of the population
Thanks
- Slides: 48