RobotMachine Intelligence 2 Kevin Warwick Reading University UK

Robot/Machine Intelligence - 2 Kevin Warwick Reading University, UK & Czech Technical University, Praha, CZ

Human Intelligence Try this test: n 1. Calculate x from: x 2 + 2 x + 3 = 0 n 2. Which is the odd one out? Cruise, Pitt, Caine, Hoffman. n 3. Which is the odd one out? Ileum, Clavicle, Duodenum, Oesophagus n Each requires different knowledge – cultural, context, environment dependant n But how can we compare humans on tests like this? n

Early Tests! n n n Often trying to satisfy a political need White/Black – Men/Women Theory – white men are obviously more intelligent so we need some scientific pointers to prove it! Head size/brain size – 1911 52 cm diam head for a professor’s job in Germany!!! (excluded women) Length of arms Distance from navel to sexual organs

Testing In the 18 th Century Sir Francis Galton conducted Intelligence tests in the Science Museum London n Distance between pin pricks n Boxes in order n Speed of response to a sound n Pain threshold n But no statistical basis at all n

IQ Tests First tests due to Binet in 1904 n Aimed at identifying those children who would not be able to cope with normal schooling n First tests – oral – for children aged 3 to 12 n Terman (Stanford) – included reasoning – became the IQ test we know n But no reason they are a valid intelligence measure n Culturally biased n

Validity Statistical evidence that people who do better at IQ tests, on average, do better in school exams. n Newer tests validated by comparing them with previous tests n Spiral support between school exams and IQ tests n High correlation between job status/IQ test performance n Low correlation between job performance/IQ test performance n

Misuse of Test Results Early 19 th century Goddard claimed IQ test results indicated innate intelligence n USA experiencing mass immigration then n Test used to decide on feeble-minded n Not allowed entry to the USA n 80%Hungarians, 83%Jews, 79%Italians etc n Oral tests in English on entry n Virginia sterilising feeble-minded up to 1972 n

Yerkes Tests used for US Army recruits in 1 st World War n Av mental age Italians 11. 34, Poles 10. 74, American Blacks 10. 41 – classed as morons n Helped political cause to screen immigration n Example questions: n 1. Crisco is a: medicine/disinfectant/toothpaste/food product? n 2. Christy Matthewson is famous as a: writer/artist/baseball player/comedian? n

Yerkes results Two main peaks in results n One around 40% the other at 0% n Yerkes conclusion on the 0% - not that people didn’t understand the instructions but that they were morons! n Immigration Act of 1924 n Many jews found their route blocked in the 1930 s because of this. n Subjectivity? ? ? n

IQ Improvement Regular vitamin C, + 8 points n Lead pollution (doubling), -1 point n Breast fed babies, + 3 points n Use of dummy, - 4 points n Older mother (35+), +6 points n Adopted/sibling studies n

Can we improve mental performance? Fun with IQ tests!!! n Two sets of results. n Q 1: If I wish to improve my mental performance in the short term – what can I do? n Q 2: Can the food I regularly eat affect my mental performance? n

Experiment 1: 200 first year students at Reading University given an IQ test, then an activity + food, then another IQ test. n How did their results change over that short time period? (IQ points score) n Trying to answer the question “What is it best to do immediately before an examination, to maximize your performance? ” n

Results - Food Alcohol n Chocolate n Coffee n Orange Juice n Peanuts n 0 -2 +3 -2 +1

Results - Activity n n n n n Reading/Swatting Listening to classical music Watching a chat show on TV Playing with a construction toy Sitting/Chatting Watching a documentary on TV Walking Meditating Watching Friends on TV Completing a crossword puzzle -6 -2 +5 -4 -2 +4 +1 +2 +1 0

Experiment 2: 50 children (aged 8 -11) at Thameside School, Caversham were given regular breakfasts over a one month period. n They were tested at start/end and during to see how their performance altered. n IQ equivalent tests in numerical ability/word association/shape recognition. n

Results – Breakfast Toast + Orange Juice n Bacon Sandwich n Control n Cereal n Eggs (various) n +3 +3 0 -1 -5

IQ Tests Trying to compare human performance n Which human is more/less intelligent than the other? n Neglect all other factors – just test results n Some (Psychologists) assume we all have an IQ which is a fixed number n But humans have different abilities in different areas – can a single number indicate some overall performance level? n

Intelligence? What does this teach us about human intelligence? n What does this teach us about intelligence in general? n Can we learn anything from this as far as machine intelligence is concerned? n

Mistakes Only compare humans and machines re: intelligence n Penrose: Machines do not genuinely understand n Therefore machines cannot be genuinely intelligent n Therefore machines will always be subservient to humans!!! n Pure Hollywood – what folk want to hear. n

Conclusions Human intelligence is appropriate for humans n It is multi-facetted – many-skilled n It is subjective n It cannot be well described by a single number – PQ n Should compare on an even playing field n