Robotic Surgery on the Brain KATIE BROWN BME

Robotic Surgery on the Brain KATIE BROWN BME 281 SECTION

Problem Being Solved Human error and invasiveness during brain surgery Brain tumor removal Parkinson’s Disease Epilepsy Aneurysms Brain Hemorrhages Skull Fractures Hydrocephalus

Early History 1980 s-Researches hit a limit for advancing traditional neurosurgery The magnification of surgery is too small for human surgeons 1985 -Puma Programmable Universal Machine for Assembly industrial robot (Advanced Research & Robotics, Oxford, CT) The surgeon inputs x-y coordinates and uses programs which calculated the stereotactic coordinates in frame based surgeries 1987 -Neuromate (Integrated Surgical Systems, Sacramento, CA) Uses preoperative images and passive robotic arms

History (continued) 1991 -Minerva (University of Lausanne, Switzerland) Used real time images from a CT scan allowing the surgeon to change markings during the procedure 1995 -Robot-Assisted Microsurgery System (NASA, Washington DC) Uses MRI images during surgery in order to give surgeon a clear picture of the brain 1995 -The Steady Hand System (John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD) Detects the amount of pressure a surgeon uses 2000 s- Neu. Robot (Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan) Endoscopic

PUMA RAMS Neuromate The Steady Hand System Neurobot

Current State 1. Supervisory-Controlled Systems Surgeon performs motion before surgery and robot repeats motion 2. Telesurgical Systems Surgeon uses haptic interface to control robot 3. Shared-Control System Surgeon and robot share the surgery

Neuro. Arm http: //www. neuroarm. org/ 2 arms, 2 cameras, and a workstation Includes safety precautions First complete brain tumor removal in Calgary, Canada on 21 -year old Paige Nickason on May 12, 2008

Cyberknife Delivers radiotherapy to a specific part of the brain

Limitations Cost -Neuro. Mate system (stereotactic frame-based version) - $362, 430 -Neuro. Arm- $30 million Large Room Required Technological Accidents Poor decision maker

Future Directions Detect brain tumors faster Perfect and mass produce the Neuro. Arm Compact, make it less expensive, continue testing Create robots that sense what the surgeon is thinking Simulations More research on how to cure other diseases like Alzheimer

Works Cited Arata, Jumpei. "Neurosurgical robotic system for brain tumor removal. " International journal for computer assisted radiology and surgery. 6. 3 (2011): 375. Web. 12 Feb. 2012. Au, Kan. "Robotic Surgery. " Neurosurgery. Brown University, 2005. Web. 12 Feb 2012. Jayarao, Mayur. "Robotics and its applications in stereotactic radiosurgery. " Journal of Neurosurgery. 23. 6 (2007): E 5. Web. 12 Feb. 2012. Neuroarm. University of Calgary, 2012. Web. 11 Feb 2012. <http: //www. neuroarm. org/project/>. Pandya, Shawna. "Advancing neurosurgery with image-guided robotics. " Journal of Neurosurgery. 111. 6 (2009): 1141 -1149. Web. 11 Feb. 2012. Au, Kan. "Robotic Surgery. " Neurosurgery. Brown University, 2005. Web. 12 Feb 2012. Sawaya, Raymond. "Advances in Brain Tumors for Brain Surgery. " Neurologic Clinics. 13. 4 (1995): 757. Web. 11 Feb. 2012.