Robert W Strayer Ways of the World A
Robert W. Strayer Ways of the World: A Brief Global History First Edition CHAPTER 7 Classical Era Variations: Africa and the Americas 500 B. C. E. – 1200 C. E. Copyright © 2009 by Bedford/St. Martin’s
Opening Vignette A. American second wave civilizations remain alive in the twenty first century 1. President of Bolivia Evo Morales participated in traditional Andean practices as part of his inauguration celebrations B. Second wave civilizations aren't just Eurasian. 1. the Americas: Maya and Tiwanaku 2. Africa: Meroe, Axum, Niger River valley 3. those peoples without states also had histories
II. Continental Comparisons A. There are basic similarities in the development of human cultures everywhere. 1. part of great process of human migration 2. Agricultural Revolutions took place independently in several distinct areas 3. resultant development of civilizations B. The world's population at the beginning of the Common Era was about 250 million people. 1. unevenly distributed with over 80 percent in Eurasia
II. Continental Comparisons C. There were important differences between civilizations in different regions. 1. the Americas lacked nearly all animals suitable for domestication 2. Africa imported previously domesticated sheep, goats, chickens, horses, camels 3. metallurgy was less developed in the Americas 4. Writing a. limited in the Americas to Mesoamerica; most highly developed among the Maya b. in Africa, was confined to north and northeast 5. fewer and smaller classical civilizations in the Americas and Africa 6. Africa frequently interacted with Eurasia, while the Americas were completely cut off from both Eurasia and Africa a. b. c. North Africa fully integrated into a Mediterranean zone of interaction Arabia another important point of contact East Africa integral part of Indian Ocean trading networks
III. Civilizations of Africa A. Africa had no common cultural identity in the premodern era. 1. great environmental variation within the continent 2. enormous size of the continent 3. most distinctive: Africa is the most tropical of world's supercontinents a. climate means poorer soils and less productive agriculture b. more disease carrying insects and parasites
III. Civilizations of Africa B. Meroe: Continuing a Nile Valley Civilization 1. Nubian civilization was almost as old as Egyptian civilization a. b. constant interaction remained a distinct civilization 2. with decline of Egypt, Nubian civilization came to focus on Meroe" 3. ruled by an all powerful sacred monarch (sometimes female) 4. city of Meroe had craft specialization 5. rural areas had combination of herding and farming a. paid tribute to the ruler b. farming was based on rainfall, not irrigation c. therefore, population was less concentrated on the Nile, less directly controlled by the capital
III. Civilizations of Africa B. Meroe: Continuing a Nile Valley Civilization 6. major long distance trade was the source of much of wealth and military power 7. a. had contact with the Mediterranean b. also traded to east and west by means of camel caravans c. less Egyptian influence than earlier times decline of Meroe after 100 C. E. a. deforestation (too much wood used in iron industry) b. conquest in 340 s C. E. by Axum c. penetration of Coptic Christianity; Christian dominance for 1, 000 years d. penetration of Islam after about 1300 C. E.
III. Civilizations of Africa C. Axum: The Making of a Christian Kingdom 1. Axum was located in present day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia 2. kingdom's economic foundation was highly productive agriculture a. plow based farming (not reliant on hoe or digging stick like most of Africa) b. high production of wheat, barley, millet, teff 3. substantial state emerged by about 50 C. E. a. stimulated by Red Sea and Indian Ocean trade (port of Adulis) b. commerce taxes were major source of state revenue 4. capital city Axum (in the interior) was center of monumental building a. huge stone obelisks (probably marked royal graves) b. town language was Geez, written in South Arabian derived script c. most of rural populace spoke Agaw d. capital exerted loose control, mostly collection of tribute
III. Civilizations of Africa C. Axum: The Making of a Christian Kingdom 5. Christianity arrived in fourth century C. E. a. King Ezana adopted Christianity about the time of Constantine b. Coptic Christianity is still the religion of half the region 6. fourth to sixth centuries C. E. : imperial expansion into Meroe and Yemen a. reached gates of Mecca by 571 C. E. b. decline followed c. revival of state several centuries later, but further south 7. both Meroe and Axum paralleled Eurasian developments and had direct contact with Mediterranean civilizations
III. Civilizations of Africa D. Along the Niger River: Cities without States 1. major urbanization along the middle stretches of the Niger River between 300 B. C. E. and 900 C. E. a. migration of peoples from the southern Sahara during long dry period b. but no evidence of a state structure, either imperial or city state c. archeologists have not found evidence of despotic power, widespread war, or deep social inequality (like Indus Valley civilization)
III. Civilizations of Africa D. Along the Niger River: Cities without States 2. cities like Jenne jeno were clusters of economically specialized settlements a. iron smithing was earliest and most prestigious occupation b. villages of cotton weavers, potters, praise singers (griots) grew around central towns c. artisan communities became occupational castes d. rural populace also specialized (fishing, rice cultivation, etc. ) 3. middle Niger cities were stimulated by a network of West African commerce 4. large scale states emerged in West Africa in the second millennium C. E.
IV. Civilizations of Mesoamerica A. There was a lack of interaction with other major cultures, including with other cultures in the Americas. 1. development without large domesticated animals or ironworking 2. important civilizations developed in Mesoamerica and the Andes long before Aztec and Inca empires 3. extraordinary diversity of Mesoamerican civilizations a. shared an intensive agricultural technology b. shared economies based on market exchange c. similar religions d. frequent interaction
IV. Civilizations of Mesoamerica B. The Maya: Writing and Warfare 1. Maya ceremonial centers developed as early as 2000 B. c. E. in present day Guatemala and Yucatan 2. Maya civilization most well known cultural achievements: 250 900 C. E. 3. a. development of advanced mathematical system b. elaborate calendars c. creation of most elaborate writing system in the Americas d. large amount of monumental architecture (temples, pyramids, palaces, public plazas) Maya economy a. agriculture had large scale human engineering (swamp drainage, terracing, water management system) b. supported a substantial elite and artisan class
IV. Civilizations of Mesoamerica B. The Maya: Writing and Warfare 4. political system of city states and regional kingdoms was highly fragmented a. frequent warfare; capture and sacrifice of prisoners b. densely populated urban and ceremonial centers c. no city state ever succeeded in creating a unified empire 5. rapid collapse in the century after a long term drought began in 840 C. E. a. population dropped by at least 85 percent b. elements of Maya culture survived, but not the great cities c. reasons posited for the collapse: i. extremely rapid population growth after 600 C. E. outstripped resources ii. political disunity and rivalry prevented a coordinated response to climatic catastrophe iii. warfare became more frequent
IV. Civilizations of Mesoamerica C. Teotihuacan: The Americas' Greatest City 1. city was begun ca. 150 B. c. E. 2. by 550 C. E. , population was 100, 000 200, 000 3. much about Teotihuacan is unknown 4. city was centrally planned on a gridlike pattern 5. specialized artisans 6. little evidence of rulers or of tradition of public inscriptions
IV. Civilizations of Mesoamerica C. Teotihuacan: The Americas' Greatest City 7. deep influence on Mesoamerica, especially in 300 600 C. E. a. directly administered perhaps 10, 000 square miles b. influence of Teotihuacan armies spread as far as Mayan lands c. apparently also had diplomatic connections with other areas d. trade e. copying of Teotihuacan art and architecture 8. mysterious collapse ca. 650 C. E. 9. Aztecs named the place Teotihuacan: "city of the gods"
V. Civilizations of the Andes A. The rich marine environment possessed an endless supply of seabirds and fish. 1. most well known civilization of the region was the Incas 1. central Peruvian coast was home to one of the First Civilizations: Norte Chico 2. from 1000 B. CE. l. OOOc. E. civilizations rose and passed away
V. Civilizations of the Andes B. Chavin: A Pan Andean Religious Movement 1. numerous ceremonial centers uncovered, dating to 2000 1000 B. C. E. 2. ca. 900 B. C. E. , Chavin de Huantar became focus of a religious movement a. Chavin de Huantar was well located along trade routes b. elaborate temple complex c. beliefs apparently drew on both desert region and rain forests d. probably used hallucinogenic San Pedro cactus 3. widespread imitation across Peru and beyond 4. did not become an empire 5. faded by 200 B. C. E.
V. Civilizations of the Andes C. Moche: A Civilization of the Coast 1. flourished between about 100 and 800 CE. along 250 miles of Peru's north coast 2. agriculture based on complex irrigation system 3. also relied on fishing 4. rule by warrior priests a. pyramids b. humans and gods c. d. e. some lived on top of huge rituals mediated between use of hallucinogenic drugs human sacrifice rulers had elaborate burials 5. superb craftsmanship of elite objects 6. ecological disruption in sixth century CE. undermined the civilization
V. Civilizations of the Andes D. Wari and Tiwanaku: Empires of the Interior 1. states flourished between 400 and 1000 CE. in Andean highlands 2. centered on large urban capitals a. monumental architecture b. populations in the tens of thousands 3. empires included lower elevations of eastern and western Andean slopes and the highlands a. linked by caravan trade b. influence of capital city as cultural and religious center also tied together c. cultural influence spread beyond the state
V. Civilizations of the Andes D. Wari and Tiwanaku: Empires of the Interior 4. Wari used terraced agriculture, Tiwanaku raised field systems 5. Wari cities built to common plan and linked by highways suggests tighter political control 6. little overt conflict or warfare between 7. a. despite border apparently did not mingle much both collapse around 1000 CE. after a. series of smaller kingdoms b. Inca drew on earlier states to build empire
VI. Alternatives to Civilization: Bantu Africa A. Movement of Bantu speaking peoples into Africa south of equator 1. began around 3000 B. C. E. from southeastern Nigeria and the Cameroons 2. over time, 400 distinct Bantu languages developed 3. by the first century CE. , Bantu agriculturalists occupied forest regions of equatorial Africa; some had probably reached East African coast 4. spread to most of eastern and southern Africa 5. the movement wasn't a conquest or self conscious migration
VI. Alternatives to Civilization: Bantu Africa B. Cultural Encounters 1. Bantu speaking peoples interacted with established societies 2. most significant interaction: agricultural Bantu and gathering and hunting peoples 3. Bantu advantages 4. a. b. c. d. eliminated numbers: agriculture supports more people disease: Bantu brought new diseases to people with little immunity iron gathering and hunting peoples were largely displaced, absorbed, survival of a few gathering and hunting peoples a. the Batwa (Pygmy) people became "forest specialists" and interacted with the Bantu 5. Bantu culture changed because of encounter with different peoples a. adopt new crops and animals in East Africa 6. Bantu peoples spread their skills and culture through eastern and southern Africa
VI. Alternatives to Civilization: Bantu Africa C. Society and Religion 1. creation of many distinct societies and cultures in 500 1500 C. E. a. structures b. kingdoms c. states d. of factors Kenya: decision making by kinship and age Zimbabwe and Lake Victoria region: larger East African coast after 1000 C. E. : rival city development depended on large number 2. many Bantu communities less patriarchal than urban civilizations 3. religion placed less emphasis on a remote high god and more on ancestral or nature spirits a. sacrifices (especially cattle) to access power of dead ancestors b. power of charms was activated by proper rituals c. widespread belief in witches d. diviners could access world of the supernatural e. based on the notion of "continuous revelation": new messages still come from the world beyond f. no missionary impulse
VII. Alternatives to Civilization: North America A. "Semi sedentary" peoples were established in the eastern woodlands of North America, Central America, the Caribbean islands, and the Amazon basin. B. The Ancestral Pueblo: Pit Houses and Great Houses 1. southwestern North America began maize cultivation in second millennium B. C. E. a. only became the basis of settled agriculture ca. 600 800 C. E. b. gradual adaptation of maize to desert environment 2. establishment of permanent villages a. pit houses in small settlements b. by 900 C. E. , many villages also had larger ceremonial structures (kivas) 3. local trading networks, some long distance exchange
VII. Alternatives to Civilization: North America B. The Ancestral Pueblo: Pit Houses and Great Houses 4. development of larger settlements (pueblos) a. most spectacular was in Chaco canyon b. largest "great house" or town (Pueblo Bonito) was five stories high with over 600 rooms c. hundreds of roads radiated out from Chaco (were perhaps a sacred landscape) 5. elite included highly skilled astronomers 6. Chaco was a center for turquoise production 7. warfare increased with extended drought after 1130 C. E. 8. great houses abandoned by 1200 C. E.
VII. Alternatives to Civilization: North America C. Peoples of the Eastern Woodlands: The Mound Builders 1. Mississippi River valley: Agricultural Revolution by 2000 B. C. E. a. but crops not productive enough for fully settled agriculture until later 2. creation of societies marked by large earthen mounds a. earliest built ca. 2000 B. C. E. b. most elaborate of mound building cultures (Hopewell culture) was established between 200 B. C. E. and 400 C. E. 3. Hopewell: large burial mounds and geometric earthworks a. many artifacts found in them— evidence of extensive trade b. careful astronomical orientation
VII. Alternatives to Civilization: North America C. Peoples of the Eastern Woodlands: The Mound Builders 4. Cahokia (near present day St. Louis, Missouri) flourished between 900 and 1250 C. E. a. introduction of maize agriculture allowed larger population b. central mound: terraced pyramid of four levels c. community of about 10, 000 people d. widespread trade network e. apparently had stratified class system 5. sixteenth century Europeans encountered similar chiefdom among the Natchez in southwestern Mississippi a. paramount chiefs ("Great Suns") lived in luxury b. clear social elite c. but upper class people were required to marry commoners d. significant military capacity
VIII. Reflections: Deciding What's Important: Balance in World History A. Teachers and writers of world history have to decide what to include. B. Several possible standards can be used in decision making: 1. durability (which would make the Paleolithic section enormous) 2. change 3. population (Eurasia, with 80 percent of population, gets more space) 4. influence (impact of Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam) 5. the historian's location and audience C. Historians do not agree on the "proper" balance when teaching world civilizations.
What´s the Significance? Axum: Second wave era kingdom of East Africa, in present day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia; flourished from 100 to 600 C. E. (pron. AX uhm) ●Bantu expansion: Gradual migration of Bantu speaking peoples from their homeland in what is now southern Nigeria and the Cameroons into most of eastern and southern Africa, a process that began around 3000 B. C. E. and continued for several millennia. The agricultural techniques and ironworking technology of Bantu speaking farmers gave them an advantage over the gathering and hunting peoples they encountered. (pron. BAHN too) ●Batwa: Forest dwelling people of Central Africa who adopted some of the ways of their Bantu neighbors while retaining distinctive features of their own culture; also known as "Pygmies. " (pron. BAHT wah) ●Cahokia: The dominant center of an important Mississippi valley mound building culture, located near present day St. Louis, Missouri; flourished from about 900 to 1250 C. E. (pron. cah HOKE ee ah) ●
What´s the Significance? Chaco Phenomenon: Name given to a major process of settlement and societal organization that occurred in the period 860 1130 C. E. among the peoples of Chaco canyon, in what is now north western New Mexico; the society formed is notable for its settlement in large pueblos and for the building of hundreds of miles of roads (the purpose of which is not known), (pron. CHAH koh) ●Chavin: Andean town that was the center of a large Peruvian religious movement from about 900 to 200 B. C. E. (pron. cha BEAN) ●Maya civilization: A major civilization of ●Mesoamerica; flourished from 250 to 900 C. E. ●Meroe: City in southern Nubia that was the center of Nubian civilization between 300 B. C. E. and 100 C. E. (pron. MER oh ee) ●
What´s the Significance? Moche: An important regional civilization of Peru, governed by warrior priests; flourished from about 100 to 800 C. E. (pron. MO che) ●Mound Builders: Members of any of a number of cultures that developed east of the Mississippi River in what is now the United States and that are distinguished by their large earthen mounds, built during the period 2000 B. CE. 1250 C. E. ●Niger Valley civilization: Distinctive city based civilization that flourished from about 300 B. C. E. to about 900 C. E. in the floodplain of the middle Niger and that included major cities like Jenne jeno; the Niger Valley civilization is particularly noteworthy for its apparent lack of centralized state structures, having been organized instead in clusters of economically specialized settlements. ●Piye: Ruler of Kush (r. 752 721 B. C. E. ) who conquered Egypt, reuniting it under his rule. ●
What´s the Significance? pueblo: "Great house" of the Ancestral Pueblo people; a large, apartment building like structure that could house hundreds of people. ●Teotihuacan: The largest city of pre Columbian America, with a population between 100, 000 and 200, 000; seemingly built to a plan in the Valley of Mexico, Teotihuacan flourished between 300 and 600 C. E. , during which time it governed or influenced much of the surrounding region. The name Teotihuacan is an Aztec term meaning "city of the gods. " (pron. teh o tee WAH kahn) ●Wari and Tiwanaku: Two states that flourished between 400 and 1000 C. E. in the highlands of modern Bolivia and Peru. At their height they possessed urban capitals with populations in the tens of thousands and productive agricultural systems. ●
Big Picture Questions 1. "The particular cultures and societies of Africa and of the Americas discussed in this chapter developed largely in isolation. " What evidence would support this statement, and what might challenge it? ●Evidence in support of this statement includes the complete physical separation and lack of contact between the African and American cultures and societies discussed in this chapter. ●The geographic and cultural separation between Meroe" and Axum on the one hand the Niger Valley civilization on the other also provides support. ●So too do the significant physical distances that separated Andean, North American, and Mesoamerican civilizations, along with the lack of sustained contact between these three regions. ●Evidence to challenge this statement includes the extensive interaction between the Maya and Teotihuacan civilizations; the conquest of Meroe by Axum; and the encounters between Bantu speaking peoples and gathering and hunting groups, including the Batwa, as the Bantu speaking peoples migrated into Africa south of the equator. ●The Chavin religious cult, which provided for the first time and for several centuries a measure of economic and cultural integration to much of the Peruvian Andes, also challenges the statement. ●Additional challenging evidence is the critical arrival of maize from Mesoamerica into the Ancestral Pueblo and mound building societies.
Big Picture Questions 2. How do you understand areas of the world, such as Bantu Africa and North America, that did not generate "civilizations"? Do you see them as "backward, " as moving slowly toward civilization, or as simply different? ●A case can be made that these societies were "backward" if one compares them to second wave civilizations in terms of such developments as technology, writing, monumental architecture, and the resources of states. However, if one compares these societies to civilizations in terms of personal freedom one could come to the opposite conclusion. ●A case can be made that these societies were moving slowly towards civilization as the productivity of agriculture and the stresses of growing populations shaped them. This can be seen in the North American Ancestral Pueblo and mound building societies, with Cahokia perhaps warranting the status of proto civilization. In Africa a student could point to the kingdoms around Lake Victoria and present day Zimbabwe along with the city states along the East African coast as evidence that Bantu societies were trending towards forming civilizations. ●A case could be made that these societies were something different as in both North America and Africa south of the equator people inhabited environments with plenty of land few people. This environment created societies where labor was more valued than land, making them something different from Eurasian second wave civilizations until very late in their histories.
Big Picture Questions 3. How did African proximity to Eurasia shape its history? And how did American separation from the Eastern Hemisphere affect its development? ●North Africa was fully integrated into the Mediterranean world. ●The arrival of the Arabian camel in the western Sahara generated a nomadic pastoral way of life among some Berbers and facilitated trans Saharan trade. ●The East African coast was an integral part of the Indian Ocean networks of exchange. ●Northeast African kingdoms of Meroe and Axum traded with the Eurasian world and borrowed from it culturally. Most notably their populations adopted the Christian faith, and some later adopted Islam. ●Even south of the equator, where sustained direct contact with Eurasia came relatively late, proximity still had a profound impact through the arrival of Eurasian crops and animals that helped the Bantu settle the region. ●Aside from llamas and alpacas, the Americas possessed no large animals to domesticate and could not borrow them from Eurasia. ●They were also unable to adopt Eurasian crops and technological advances, although in some regions of the Americas civilizations were able to develop independently a productive set of crops, writing, and other technologies possessed by Eurasian civilizations. Metallurgy was one technology in particular where American civilizations would have benefited from contact with Eurasia.
Big Picture Questions 4. Looking Back: "The histories of Africa and the Americas during the second wave era largely resemble those of Eurasia. " Do you agree with this statement? Explain why or why not. ●There is evidence to support both ayes or no answer to this question. ●In support of the statement, students could point to the emergence of powerful states, especially in Axum and Teotihuacan, which sought to create empires. ●Students could also point to the parallels between the Maya civilization and classical Greece. ●Students could cite the spread of the Chavin cult as being in some ways a parallel development to the emergence of widespread religious traditions in Eurasia. ●However, the Ancestral Pueblo and mound building societies of North America and regional civilizations such as the Moche, Wari and Tiwanaku of South America more closely resemble the Neolithic villages and First Civilizations of Eurasia than they do their classical counterparts.
Seeking the Main Point Question Q. To what extend did the histories of Africa and the Americas parallel those of Eurasia? In what ways did they forge new or different paths? ●In terms of similar paths: ●Both were initially peopled with gatherer hunters. ●Both had independent Agricultural Revolutions. ●Both developed civilizations in some regions where agriculture took hold. In terms of differences: ● ●The populations of Africa and the Americas were much smaller than Eurasia. ●No pastoral societies developed in the Americas. ●Civilizations were fewer in number and smaller. ●In North America and Africa south of the equator people inhabited environments with plenty of land few people. This environment created societies where labor was more valued than land, making them something different from Eurasian second wave civilizations until very late in their histories. ● • In the Niger River valley large scale urban societies emerged without formal governments.
Margin Review Questions Q. What similarities and differences are noticeable among the three major continents of the world? ●In terms of similarities: All were initially peopled with gatherer hunters. ●All had independent Agricultural Revolutions. ●All developed civilizations in regions where agriculture took hold. ●All developed civilizations independently, although those in the Americas and Africa were fewer in number and smaller. ● ● In terms of diferences: The populations of Africa and the Americas were much smaller than Eurasia. ●No pastoral societies developed in the Americas. ●While Africa and Eurasia exchanged crops, animals, and ideas, the Americas were completely isolated. ●Metallurgy in the Americas was less developed than Eurasia and Africa. ●
Margin Review Questions Q. How did the history of Meroe" and Axum reflect interaction with neighboring civilizations? ●Both Meroe' and Axum traded extensively with neighboring civilizations. Merog's wealth and military power were in part derived from this trade. The formation of a substantial state in Axum was at least in part stimulated by Axum's participation in Red Sea and Indian Ocean commerce and the taxes that flowed from this commerce. ●Both Meroe' and Axum developed their own distinct writing scripts. A Meroitic script eventually took the place of Egyptian style writing, while Axum's script, Geez, was derived from South Arabian models. ●Axum adopted Christianity from the Roman world in the fourth century C. E. , primarily through Egyptian influence, and the region once controlled by Merog also adopted Christianity in the 340 s C. E. following Meroe's decline.
Margin Review Questions Q. How does the experience of the Niger Valley challenge conventional notions of "civilization"? ●The Niger River region witnessed the creation of large cities with the apparent absence of a corresponding state structure. These cities were not like the city states of ancient Mesopotamia, nor were they encompassed within some larger imperial system. ●Instead, they resemble most closely the early cities of the Indus Valley civilization, where complex urban centers also apparently operated without the coercive authority of a centralized state.
Margin Review Questions Q. With what Eurasian civilizations might the Maya be compared? • Because of its fragmented political structure, Maya civilization more closely resembled the competing city states of Mesopotamia or classical Greece than the imperial structures of Rome, Persia, or China.
Margin Review Questions Q. In what ways did Teotihuacan shape the history of Mesoamerica? ●Its military conquests brought many regions into its political orbit and made Teotihuacan a presence in the Maya civilization. ●Teotihuacan was at the center of a large trade network. ●The architectural and artistic styles of the city were imitated across Mesoamerica.
Margin Review Questions Q. What kind of influence did Chavin exert in the Andes region? ●Chavin style architecture, sculpture, pottery, religious images, and painted textiles were widely imitated in the region. ●Chavin became a pilgrimage site and perhaps a training center for initiates from distant corners of the region. ●At locations three weeks or more away by llama caravan, temples were remodeled to resemble those of Chavin, although in many cases with locally inspired variations. ●The Chavin religious cult provided for the first time and for several centuries a measure of economic and cultural integration to much of the Peruvian Andes.
Margin Review Questions Q. What features of Moche life characterize it as a civilization? ●The Moche civilization dominated a 250 mile stretch of Peru's northern coast, incorporated thirteen river valleys, and flourished for seven hundred years beginning in 100 C. E. The Moche economy was rooted in a complex irrigation system that required constant maintenance. ●Politically, the civilization was governed by warrior priests, who sometimes lived atop huge pyramids, the largest of which was constructed out of 143 million sun dried bricks. ●The wealth of the warrior priest elite and the remarkable artistic skills of Moche craftspeople are reflected in the elaborate burials accorded the rulers. The Moche craftspeople are renowned for their metalworking, pottery, weaving, and painting.
Margin Review Questions Q. What was the significance of Wari and Tiwanaku in the history of Andean civilization? ●They provided a measure of political integration and cultural commonality for the entire Andean region. ●Cultural influences such as styles of pottery and textiles spread well beyond regions under their direct political control. ●The Inca drew upon their imperial model and system of statecraft to build their empire. ●The Inca built a highway system similar to the Wari. ●The Inca utilized similar styles of dress and artistic expression. ●The Inca claimed Tiwanaku as their place of origin.
Margin Review Questions Q. Summing Up So Far: What features common to all civilizations can you identify in the civilizations of Africa and the Americas? What distinguishing features give them a distinctive identity? ●All were agricultural societies; possessed social hierarchies and patriarchies; developed urban centers and monumental architecture; and ultimately collapsed. ●As far as distinguishing features, those in Northwest and North Africa borrowed from their Eurasian neighbors; the Niger River Valley Civilization developed large urban centers without formal states; the Maya developed writing; and the Maya and Moche practiced human sacrifice.
Margin Review Questions Q. In what ways did the arrival of Bantu speaking peoples stimulate cross cultural interaction? ●The Bantu speaking peoples brought agriculture to regions of Africa south of the equator, enabling larger numbers of people to live in a smaller area than was possible before their arrival. ●They brought parasitic and infectious diseases, to which the gathering and hunting peoples had little immunity. ●They also brought iron. ●Many Bantu languages of southern Africa retain to this day distinctive "clicks" in their local dialects that they adopted from the now vanished gathering and hunting peoples that preceded them in the region. ●Bantu speaking peoples participated in networks of exchange with forest dwelling Batwa (Pygmy) peoples. The Batwa adopted Bantu languages, while maintaining a nonagricultural lifestyle and a separate identity. The Bantu farmers regarded their Batwa neighbors as first comers to the region and therefore closest to the ancestral and territorial spirits that determined the fertility of the land the people. As forest dwelling Bantu peoples grew in numbers and created chiefdoms, those chiefs appropriated the Batwa title of "owners of the land" for themselves, claimed Batwa ancestry, and portrayed the Batwa as the original "civilizers" of the earth. ●Bantu farmers in East Africa increasingly adopted grains as well as domesticated sheep and cattle from the already established people of the region. ●They also acquired a variety of food crops from Southeast Asia, including coconuts, sugarcane, and especially bananas, which were brought to East Africa by Indonesian sailors and immigrants early in the first millennium C. E.
Margin Review Questions Q. In what ways were the histories of the Ancestral Pueblo and the Mound Builders similar to each other, and how did they differ? ●The Ancestral Pueblo and Mound Builders were similar in a number of ways. ●Their settlements were linked into trading networks, and they also participated in long distance exchange. ●Both groups created structures to track the heavens. ●Both ultimately adopted maize from Mesoamerica. ●They also differed in a number of ways. ●The Mound Builders participated in an independent Agricultural Revolution and continued to supplement their diets by gathering and hunting until maize arrived from Mesoamerica after 800 C. E. ●The Ancestral Pueblo peoples acquired maize from Mesoamerica much earlier and settled into a more fulltime agricultural culture earlier in their development. ●The Mound Builders created larger monumental architecture both in their burial mounds and in their geometrical earthworks than did Ancestral Pueblo peoples, although the Ancestral Pueblo people did create kivas as ceremonial centers and networks of roads that may have had religious significance. ●The largest mound building settlements, like Cahokia, were far larger urban centers than those of the Ancestral Pueblo. ●In comparison to the mound building cultures, the Ancestral Pueblo society started later and did not last as long.
Chapter 7 Classical Era Variations: Africa and the Americas, 500 B. C. E. ‒ 1200 C. E. ● ● ● Map 7. 1 Africa in the Classical Era (p. 185) Spot Map 7. 1 Classical Civilizations of Mesoamerica (p. 193) Spot Map 7. 2 Classical Civilizations of the Andes (p. 197) Spot Map 7. 3 North America in the Classical Era (p. 201) An Elite Maya Woman (p. 180) A Bracelet from Meroë (p. 186) The Columns of Axum (p. 187) Khoikhoi of South Africa (p. 191) A Mural of Teotihuacán (p. 196) The Lord of Sipan (p. 200) Pueblo Bonito (p. 202)
Chapter 7: Classical Era Variations: Africa and the Americas, 500 B. C. E. – 1200 C. E. i. Clicker Questions
Comparison: In comparison to classical era Eurasia, the Americas a. possessed more pastoral societies concentrated on the edges of empires. b. possessed proportionally larger numbers of peoples living in communities that did not feature cities or states. c. possessed more advanced metallurgy, especially iron technologies. d. possessed more and generally larger empires.
Connection: Africa’s long term contact with Eurasia shaped its development in all EXCEPT which of the following ways? a. Christianity established itself in regions of North and Northeast Africa. b. The arrival of the camel from Arabia increased trade contact between Sub Saharan Africa and the Mediterranean basin. c. Bantu settlement of Africa south of the equator was facilitated by the adoption of Southeast Asian crops. d. Roman political conquest of equatorial West Africa resulted in the emergence of powerful centralized states.
Change: Which of the following was NOT a spur for change in the classical era Americas? a. The spread of the maize crop into North America b. The emergence of the Maya and Teotihuacán civilizations in Mesoamerica c. The widespread migration of Maya peoples bringing their language and crops to North America d. The emergence and spread of the Chavín religious cult in the Andes
Discussion Starter: Which of the following criteria do you think should be the most important in deciding what to include in a world history course? a. The duration of time that a development persists b. The premise that change is more important than continuity c. The number of people affected by a development d. The location of the historian and his or her audience
Discussion Starter: Which of the following do you think was most different from Eurasian classical models? a. Bantu Africa south of the Equator b. The Andes c. The Niger River d. Mesoamerica
Discussion Starter: Do you think that the author has struck a good balance so far in his efforts to cover world civilizations? a. Yes b. No
Answer Key for Chapter 7 1. Answer is B 2. Answer is D 3. Answer is C
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