Robert J Sternberg Psychology 4 th Edition Chapter

Robert J. Sternberg Psychology 4 th Edition Chapter 15: Personality Page 1 of 39 Chapter 15 Personality

Robert J. Sternberg Psychology 4 th Edition Chapter 15: Personality Page 7 of 39 Table 15. 1 Personality Structures of Psychodynamic Theory. According to Freud, the id, the ego, and the superego are the basis for personality development and expression.

Robert J. Sternberg Psychology 4 th Edition Chapter 15: Personality Page 11 of 39 Defense Mechanisms (防衛機轉) • Repression (壓抑/潛抑) • Rationalization (合理化) • Reaction Formation (反向作用) • Projection (投射) • Denial (否認) • Displacement (取代) • Sublimation (昇華) • Regression (退化)

Robert J. Sternberg Psychology 4 th Edition Chapter 15: Personality Page 12 of 39 Stages of Personality Development • Phallic Stage (first 2 years) : 口腔期 • Anal Stage (2 -4 years old) : 肛門期 • Phallic Stage (4 -6 years old) : 性蕾期 – Oedipal conflict (伊底帕斯情結, 或稱戀母情結) – Electra conflict • Latency Stage: 潛伏期 • Genital Stage: 性器期 • Fixation (固著) – 每一階段都可能會有特殊的問題造成發展的停滯或固著， 對人格造成深遠的影響。

Robert J. Sternberg Psychology 4 th Edition Chapter 15: Personality Page 15 of 39 對Freud理論的評價 – 觀察對象的問題： – 男性中心的偏見：

Robert J. Sternberg Psychology 4 th Edition Chapter 15: Personality Page 27 of 39 The Cognitive-Behavioral Approach • • • Antecedents: 以行為主義的代表人物—Skinner—的觀點來看， 所謂的人格是由各種制約學習及增強史所建立起來的。 Julian Rotter: Social-Learning Theory – Rotter 並不認為行為只是單純地被刺激及增強所決定。他 認為人如何解釋他的經驗是重要的。 – Internal locus of control – External locus of control Albert Bandura: Social Cognitive Theory – Reciprocal determinism : 主張個人的變項、環境、行為之 間會相互影響。

Robert J. Sternberg Psychology 4 th Edition Chapter 15: Personality Page 28 of 39 Figure 15. 2 Reciprocal Determinism. In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, thinking, behavior, and the environment reciprocally interact.

Robert J. Sternberg Psychology 4 th Edition Chapter 15: Personality Page 32 of 39 Figure 15. 3 Eysenck's Personality Dimensions. This chart illustrates two of the three personality dimensions described by Hans Eysenck. (His third dimension, psychoticism, is not represented. )

Robert J. Sternberg Psychology 4 th Edition Chapter 15: Personality Page 33 of 39 The Trait-Based Approach • The Big Five Personality Traits – Neuroticism – Extroversion – Openness – Agreeableness – Conscientiousness

Robert J. Sternberg Psychology 4 th Edition Chapter 15: Personality Page 37 of 39 Measuring Personality • Projective Tests (投射測驗) – The Rorschach inkblot test (羅夏客墨漬測驗) – The thematic apperception test (主題統覺測驗(TAT) ) • Objective Personality Tests – Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI) • validity scales • clinical scales – NEO personality inventory revised (NEO-PI-R)

Robert J. Sternberg Psychology 4 th Edition Chapter 15: Personality Page 38 of 39 Figure 15. 4 Rorschach Inkblot Test. What do you see?

Robert J. Sternberg Psychology 4 th Edition Chapter 15: Personality Page 39 of 39 Figure 15. 5 Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). In the Thematic Apperception Test, illustrations of ambiguous situations are used to prompt test takers to project their own personalities into the scene.