ROARING 20S I Objective 1 Normalcy Peace Prosperity

ROARING 20’S

I. Objective 1 - ‘Normalcy’ (Peace & Prosperity) A. Describe America’s ‘Return to Normalcy’ (Peace & Prosperity). B. What three presidents represented this idea ( and their political party)? C. Describe isolationism and why Americans supported it. D. What did Americans hope to achieve with a return to Normalcy? A. ‘Return to NORMALCY’ 1. Republicans call for “Normalcy” *Harding, Coolidge, Hoover (Presidents) a. defeat Wilson & Democrats (Blame for WWI) 2. Go Back to how we were before WWI a. Isolationism (stay out of conflict) 1. Kellogg-Brand Pact-outlawed war a. 15 countries signed (62 total) b. Help Business “Chief business of the Am. People is business” - Coolidge

Harding Coolidge Hoover

II. Objective #2 - Immigrants & Minorities’ A. Describe the reaction to Immigrants and Minorities during the 1920’s. B. Use Sacco and Vanzetti as an example of how the Red Scare affected America. C. What group reappeared during the 1920’s to harass Immigrants & African Americans? D. What group had limitations put on them due to nativism? A. The “Red Scare”/ Social Tension 1. Fear of Communist and Anarchist leads to distrust, mainly of immigrants Communist = political system where all resources are shared Anarchist = opposed to organized gov’t a. Most anarchist were foreign born * Several bombs had been set off b. Ex. Sacco and Vanzetti 1. Immigrants accused of murder 2. Weak evidence, but strong feelings 3. Both men put to death

NICOLA SACCO - 1921 BARTOLOMEO VANZETTI - 1921

2. Immigration a. Limits put on all immigrants (mainly “New”) b. Suppose to keep country WASP! B. Racial Tension 1. Many African Am. moved to northern cities for jobs in WWI a. Riots in 1919 in Chicago Ex. White & Immigrants fight to keep the Af. Am. out of factories & neighborhoods - 70 lynchings in the South b. Marcus Garvey-Controversial Af. Am. leader ** Focused on “Black Pride” 2. KKK returns – In North and South * Doesn’t like African Americans moving into the North * Doesn’t like “NEW” Immigrants (Catholics/ Jews)

III. Objective #3 - Big Business A. Describe the growth of business during the 1920’s. B. Name 5 products that soon appeared in many homes. C. What one product changed America forever (Who made it possible? )? D. How were Americans able to purchase all these new products? A. Business BOOMS!! 1. Business changes a. Major companies merge & chain stores pop up Ex: Safeway, Piggly-Wiggly b. Assembly Line Perfected Ex: Model T/ Ford * Cheaper Cars= More sold Price starts $850 and drops to $290 by 1924 (Model T) RESULT- American Car Culture

2. Republican Presidents support Business ‘HANDS OFF’ a. Few rules B. New Electrical Products 1. Leads to the sale of appliances a. Refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, radios, fans, stoves ex. First radio station KDKA (Pittsburgh) / NBC 1 st Network b. Helps make life easier

General Electric "Monitor-Top" refrigerator introduced in 1927.

C. TROUBLES AHEAD? ? 1. Installment Buying a. Buy new appliances by using CREDIT b. BUY NOW…. PAY LATER (like Credit Cards) c. People do not have the $$ but are buying Cars, Refrigerators 2. Stock Market a. Buying on Margin Ex. Buy now but only pay broker a % cost of stock. **Hope stock rises so you can pay him back & make $ b. What if prices fall? ? ? ** You owe broker money you borrowed for worthless stock

IV. Objective #4 - City vs. Country A. Compare & Contrast City Life & Country life during the 1920’s. B. What group of Americans experienced a cultural revolution during the Harlem Renaissance? C. What area did not want change? D. What part of America was changing the most? E. Where was the Jazz age centered? A. City Life 1. Inventions, Immigrants, Universities, Alcohol, Music, New Books 2. JAZZ AGE a. Based on music & New Styles Ex: FLAPPERS- Women who wore short dresses, short hair, and DANCED! City Girls! b. Speakeasies (secret bars) - IGNORE Prohibition c. Radio & Magazines Spread City Life

3. Harlem Renaissance a. African Amer. Part of New York City b. Writers, singers tell African Amer. story ( Slavery & Suffering) EX: Langston Hughes (Great Writer)

Flapper-style outfits

USA c 1929

This picture is typical of the appearance of the Louise Brooks hairstyle

Capone consults attorney, Mike Ahern, in 1929. Ahern, with other Capone attorneys, filed several appeals to stave off Capone's 11 -year sentence for tax evasion

B. Country (Do not like new city stuff) 1. WASP! Culture, Very religious 2. Anti- Immigrant & Anti- African Amer. - KKK 3. Likes & Supports Prohibition (sees drinking as Immigrant Behavior) C. Scopes ‘Monkey’ Trial 1. City & Country battle in court -Evolution (City/University) vs. Creation (Country/ Bible) -School teacher in Tenn. wants to teach evolution, Schools say can only teach Bible.

2. Court Case after he is arrested for teaching Evolution a. Famous lawyers Darrow for Scopes & Bryan for School Board 3. Found guilty but shows difference between the City & Country

• THE DEPRESSION • I. Causes of the Depression • A. Overproduction – Too much stuff • 1. Factories and farms • a. Workers begin to get layed-off • b. Workers cannot buy goods, even more goods are overproduced • c. Farmers cannot pay loans or make a living • 2. Supply & Demand: Prices drop

• • B. Bank Failures 1. Banks close and loose $$$ 2. People begin to default on loans a. Can’t pay them back 3. Banks cannot cover their deposits, because it was lent out to bad creditors 4. 5, 000 banks close between 19291932 5. People loose entire LIFE SAVINGS

• • • • C. Stock Market Crash – Black Thursday, Oct. 29, 1929 1. Summer 1929 – Investors begin to worry and sell stocks 2. Supply & demand again – Massive sell-off and prices begin drop 3. Buying on Margin a. Buy stock by just paying a small portion of what the stock is worth b. Ex: 100 shares at $10 = $1000 only pay $300 still owe $700 1. Problem: stock crashes & you loose your money and can’t payback stock broker a. stock broker can’t pay back bank

• • • 4. Stock Market “Crashes” a. Price of stocks fall drastically b. People loose all of their savings CAUSES: 1. Overproduction 2. Bank Closings 3. Stock Market Crash RESULTS: 1. Unemployment 2. Life Savings Lost

• II. Living with the Depression • A. Jobless/Homeless • 1. 1930 -32 -Jobless goes from 4 to 12 million • 2. Houses are lost, people become homeless • 3. People are desperate • a. We hate Hoover! • 1. Hooverville-shanty towns • 2. Hooverblankets-newspapers

Depression: Breadlines: long line of people waiting to be fed: New York City: in the absence of substantial government relief programs during 1932, free food was distributed with private funds in some urban centers to large numbers of the unemployed

• • • B. Bonus Army 1. WWI Veterans were promised a bonus in 1945 a. Veterans want it now 2. Veterans go to Washington and “camp out” a. Hoover sends in Army C. The Dust Bowl (Black Blizzard) 1. Great Plains suffer a huge drought (1931) a. Cause: new technology 1. tractors, steel plows tear up sod; drought turns new open soil into a sand box 2. Many move to large farms in California a. “Oakies” & “Arkies” not wanted in the West

Members of the Bonus Army encamp within sight of the Capitol, 1932

Douglas Mac. Arthur led federal troops who burned the Bonus Army's camps. To his left, hand to face, is Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Dust Storms: "Dust Storm Near Beaver, Oklahoma. " (July 14, 1935)

Farm Security Administration: farmers whose topsoil blew away joined the sod caravans of "Okies" on Route 66 to California. (Circa 1935)

Migrant family looking for work in the pea fields of California. (Circa 1935)

Young Oklahoma mother; age 18, penniless, stranded in Imperial Valley, California. (Circa March 1937)

REA; "Woman plunges and scrubs"

Farm Security Administration: Christmas dinner in the home of Earl Pauley near Smithland, Iowa. (Circa 1935)

• • • D. Escaping the Depression 1. Radio a. Comedies & soap operas 2. Movies a. Shirley Temple, Wizard of Oz, Snow White (first animation film) 3. Literature a. John Steinbeck-Grapes of Wrath 1. About a family of Oakies escaping the Dust

• III. The New Deal • 1. President Franklin Roosevelt elected (1932) • A. Brain Trust: Used professors and experts to develop programs to fight depression • B. Promised “New Deal” for Americans

• • 2. Immediate change A. Banking Crisis 1. Closed ALL banks for four days a. “Banking Holiday” 2. Emergency Banking Relief Act a. Only sound banks could reopen 3. Fireside Chats on the radio a. Urged people to put $$ back in banks

• • • 3. The Hundred Days A. Roosevelt sends relief bills to Congress 1. New Deal begins—Three goals a. Relief for Unemployed b. Plans for Recovery c. Reforms to prevent more depressions

• • • 4. Major New Deal Programs A. Unemployment 1. CCC – Civilian Conservation Corp 2. PWA – Public Works Administration 3. TVA – Tennessee Valley Authority B. Recovery Plans 1. NRA – National Recovery Act 2. AAA – Agricultural Adjustment Administration C. Prevention Reforms 1. FDIC – Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 2. SEC – Securities & Exchange Commission

Civilian Conservation Corps. (Circa 1933)

Civilian Conservation Corps. (Circa 1933)

• D. DID NOT end Depression • E. Results • 1. Gave country confidence • 2. Ended banking crisis • 3. Created jobs • 4. Created buildings, schools, bridges, electricity

• • • 5. Critics of the New Deal A. Big Business did not like it 1. Claimed FDR not doing enough 2. Huey Long wanted heavy tax on wealthy a. Gov. of Louisiana assassinated in 1935 3. Father Coughlin – Radio Priest a. Wanted FDR tougher on big business 4. Francis Townsend a. Wanted pensions for those over 65

• • • 6. Supreme Court Reacts A. By 1935 declared 11 New Deal Acts Unconstitutional (AAA, NIRA) 1. Roosevelt and Court packing scheme a. Wants to raise justices from 9 to 15 so he would get to choose 2. Everyone very upset but FDR wins reelection in 1936

The Hindenburg on an earlier visit to Lakehurst, 1936

The Hindenburg moments after catching fire.