Roadmap Operant conditioning Punishment Biofeedback Elements of observational

Roadmap Operant conditioning Punishment Biofeedback Elements of observational learning Research updates

Operant Conditioning • Learning ▫ Depends on consequences • Voluntary behavior

Operant Conditioning • Examples

Reinforcement • increases probability response will occur again Primary reinforcer - naturally reinforcing by meeting biological need ▫ hunger ▫ thirst ▫ touch • Secondary reinforcer – reinforces after being associated with primary reinforcer

Reinforcement • Positive reinforcement - addition or experiencing pleasurable ▫ e. g. , dessert for good behavior • Negative reinforcement - removal, escape from, avoidance of unpleasant ▫ e. g. , sunscreen to prevent sunburn ▫ e. g. , leave early so you won’t be late

Reinforcement schedules • Partial reinforcement effect - reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses ▫? • Continuous reinforcement

Punishment • Punishment - response less likely to happen • Punishment by application - addition or experiencing unpleasant ▫ e. g. , ? • Punishment by removal - removal of pleasurable ▫ e. g. , ?

Drawbacks of punishment • Severe punishment my cause avoidance of the punisher ▫ instead of? • May encourage lying to avoid • Severe punishment creates fear and anxiety ▫ Cognitive load! (examples? ) ▫ Memory/learning impairment

Make punishment more effective • Immediately follow the behavior • Be consistent!!! • Pair with reinforcement of the right behavior ▫ How do we define discipline? ? ?

The infamous “time out” • punishment by removal ▫ special area away from the attention of others ▫ being "removed" from any possibility of positive reinforcement in the form of attention �Powerful impact IF used correctly (especially with children!)

Biofeedback • Biofeedback- feedback on biological conditions = voluntary control ▫ blood pressure ▫ respiration ▫ relaxation Examples

Learned Helplessness - Seligman • Learned helplessness -fail to act or escape from a situation ▫ history of repeated failures ▫ ITV Romanian orphans example

Observational learning • Observational learning - new behavior by watching a model perform ▫ Bobo doll study/aggression • Learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior! ▫ Babies

Four Elements of Observational Learning (AMIM) • ATTENTION ▫ learner must pay attention to model • MEMORY ▫ learner must retain memory of what was done �e. g. , steps to prepare dish seen on cooking show

Four Elements of Observational Learning • IMITATION ▫ learner must be capable of reproducing, or imitating, the actions • MOTIVATION ▫ learner must have the desire to perform action

Children’s TV