Road to Revolution Struggle for Control of N
- Slides: 55
Road to Revolution
Struggle for Control of N. America • Spanish and Dutch are non-factors • France & England are left • Minor conflicts amount to little change
Economic Management of the Colonies • Mercantilism • Navigation Acts (1651) - Help manage mercantilist economic system: • Examples • • British captains and crews European nations could not trade directly with the colonies Certain commodities like sugar, tobacco could not be traded to other nations England was a guaranteed market • Enforcement was lax up until 1763 • Customs officials could be bribed
Salutary Neglect • England granted American colonies with a great deal of autonomy • Robert Walpole • Colonists became used to having autonomy, so when Britain tried to rein them in after the F-I War, there were issues.
Albany Congress - 1754 • Albany Plan - First attempt at Union • Conceived by Ben Franklin • Why form a confederacy? • Protection • Natives • France • Inter-colonial expenses • Seven of the colonies attend and support this measure • The state governments reject the Plan • Unwilling to give up their colonial power
French & Indian War (1754 -1763) • Seven Years’ War - Fought in Europe and the Americas • Ohio Territory – both sides laid claim • French had forts • British began to settle there in 1740 s
How it started • Virginia land claims in Ohio Territory • George Washington the messenger – 1753 • Ft Duquesne • Washington returns in 1754 • First blood • Fort Necessity • Return to Virginia
The War • British start poorly • French use guerrilla tactics • William Pitt takes command in 1758 • Replaced British commanders with Americans • Concentrated efforts in the New World • Took the offensive • British take Quebec in 1759 - the lifeblood of New France • French surrender in 1760 in Canada
Treaty of Paris - 1763 • Why is the treaty signed 3 years after the war? • What were the terms of the Treaty of Paris – 1763? • Many French stayed in North America and became British citizens
Post-War Tensions Between British and Americans • American military was not respected • Attitude of arrogance that infuriated colonials • View over contribution to victory • Americans traded with the French
Additional Tensions • Taxes • Military presence in America remained high • Britain clamps down on colonies
1763 • George Grenville (Prime Minister) – 1763 -1765 • Passed the Sugar Act & Stamp Act • Pontiac’s Rebellion • Proclamation Line of 1763 • Paxton Boys • Upset over Pontiac’s Rebellion and Proc Line
Pontiac’s Rebellion • Native Americans did not sign Treaty of Paris • British no longer traded arms with Indians • Confederation of Indians formed in Ohio led by Pontiac – Ottawa Chief • The conflict ended in a stalemate • Side note: General Amherst, Governor at Ft. Pitt, distributed blankets infected with smallpox to native tribes. Epidemic spread and killed hundreds.
Proclamation Line of 1763 • What was it? • Protection problem • King George III reserved this territory to Native Americans • British construct forts • People upset
1764 • Sugar Act (American Revenue Act) • Vice Admiralty Courts Established
Taxation The Americans had been taxed throughout the F&I War, but not to the extent of people in England Tax on Americans at an all-time high Britain needed the money to service the debt on the F&I War
Sugar Act – (American Revenue Act) • Issued Spring, 1764 • What • Placed a 3 pence duty on sugar and molasses imported into the colonies • Add customs officials and more officers for ships • Increased jurisdiction of vice-admiralty courts • Why • Protection • Help pay for war
Effects of Sugar Act • Would sting the American colonists pocketbook and would reduce smuggling which was a lucrative business. • James Otis, colonial orator from Mass claimed “no taxation w/o Representation” • The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved • British claimed virtual representation • James Otis also suggests a united colonial response to the taxation • Protests were relatively mild
Committees of Correspondence • An organized means of communication between the colonies • June 1764 – Massachusetts house of reps organized a C of C to communicate grievances about the Sugar Act with the other colonies
Non Importation Movements (Boycotts) • Organized boycotts - pledge to not buy imported goods from Britain • Effective • 1 st was in Aug 1764 - reaction to the Sugar Act • Started in Boston and moved South Signing a boycott
1765 • Stamp Act • Quartering Acts • Virginia Resolutions • Sons of Liberty • Stamp Act Congress
Stamp Act • Issued Spring, 1765 – took effect in Nov. • Must purchase a stamp and affix it to printed documents • Why? • Brits hoped to help pay for the cost of maintaining a military force in the colonies • Problems 1. 2. 3. 4. Vice-admiralty courts Direct taxation Economic recession Affected many prominent colonists
Stamp Act Response • Argued no taxation w/o representation again • Patrick Henry argued George III was becoming a tyrant • Sam Adams organized protests against the Stamp Act • Mob Action • Stamp collectors resigned Patrick Henry Sam Adams
Quartering Acts • Colonial assemblies had to provide barracks and some supplies for British soldiers stationed in America. • Issued Spring, 1765 • Problems? • American jobs • Superiority complex • Military presence
Virginia Resolutions • May 1765 - Patrick Henry • Only Virginia can tax Virginians - precedent • Opposed the idea of taxation w/o rep
Sons of Liberty • Formed in response to the Stamp Act • All classes • Upper class – made speeches • Mid- to Lower – mob actions • Protest British taxation • Stamp agents all over country begin to resign under threats of violence Faneuil Hall - Boston
Stamp Act Congress • Oct 7 -25, 1765 - Delegates from nine of the 13 colonies met in NYC to come up with a unified colonial response to the Stamp Act. • John Dickenson writes - Declaration of Rights and Grievances: • We have no representation • We already tax ourselves, so now we’ll be double taxed • Vice-admiralty court jurisdiction is challenged • Indirect taxes v. Direct taxes • Demanded the repeal of the Stamp Act
1766 • Stamp Act Repealed • Declaratory Act
Stamp Act Repealed • March 1766 • Couldn’t keep customs officials • Non-importation was taking a toll on Britain: 15% drop in imports • Non-importation movements are lifted
Declaratory Act • March 1766 • Parliament has full authority to make laws binding in the colonies in all cases whatsoever • It was important for America to know that they were subjects of the empire and they could not make demands upon the Parliament • Colonies paid little attention
1767 • Townshend Duties • Writs of Assistance • American Response – non-importation
Townshend Duties • Economic issues of debt and unemployment in England • “Champagne” Charlie Townshend • To alleviate financial pressures in England … • England placed a series of external taxes (duties) on popular imports like tea, paper, paint, lead, and glass • New custom officials hired • Writs of assistance • Vice admiralty courts • Issued Summer 1767, effective Nov 1767
American Response to Townshend Duties • 2 nd Non-importation Movement in Boston • Daughters of Liberty make Homespun clothes • Dec 1767 - John Dickenson (Penn) – published Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies
1768 • Sam Adams’s Circular Letter – Feb 1768 • April - The English government orders colonial governors to dissolve colonial legislatures if they endorse the letter • June – John Hancock's boat The Liberty –seized by customs officials • Colonial mobs force customs officials to leave Boston • The officials send word that they need military intervention
Boston Insurrection • July – Massachusetts governor dissolves the General Court for supporting Adams's circular letter. • August – Boston merchants ramp up non-importation pact that bans Townshend Act items. NYC then bans all British goods until Townshend Acts are repealed • Sept – People of Massachusetts hold an informal conference since the General Court is gone. They are encouraged to arm. They compose a list of grievances • Oct - British troops occupy Boston - Boston is where the main resistance and hostility is located. Attempts to intimidate customs officials and attempts to rally other colonies raised a red flag in England. So, the English send two additional regiments of troops to Boston. These troops are rather green.
1770 • 1769 is rather quiet • Boston Massacre • Townshend Duties Repealed • Quartering Act is not renewed
Boston Massacre • March 5, 1770 • British fire on Bostonians • John Adams defends • It became famous from the Paul Revere print of soldiers firing upon colonists Paul Revere’s Print
Tensions Ease • April - Townshend Duties repealed • April - Quartering Act is allowed to expire without renewal • All cities begin to abandon the non-importation agreements • Tensions between England the American colonies begin to relax
1772 • 1771 is a quiet year • June - Gaspee burned
1773 • Tea Act • Boston Tea Party
Tea Act • Mar - Virginia establishes their committee of correspondence • April - Tea Act • July – RI, CN, NH, SC all form committees of correspondence
Boston Tea Party – Dec 1773 • Tea ships are not allowed to leave harbor until Boston pays the duty for the tea on board • Colonists do not want to set precedent • This same activity was done in other colonies once word spread.
1774 • Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) • 1 st Continental Congress
Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) • British response to the Tea Party – Spring 1774 – terminated self rule in Massachusetts • Boston Port Act • Massachusetts Government Act • Administration of Justice Act • June – amended Quartering Act - Legalized the housing of British troops in colonial homes • Get the troops closer to Boston
Quebec Act • Gave Ohio Valley to Quebec • British tyranny attempting to remove their rights as British citizens
1 st Continental Congress • Carpenter's Hall - Philadelphia 1774 – Sept 5 – Oct 26 • Peyton Randolph (Va) elected President of the proceedings • The delegates favored a policy of economic coercion rather than provoking war • Determined they would reconvene in the Spring for the 2 nd Cont Congress
1775 • Lexington/Concord • 2 nd Continental Congress • Bunker Hill
Tensions Build • Feb – Parliament declares Massachusetts in a state of rebellion • March – Patrick Henry gives a speech denouncing arbitrary British rule. . says "Give me liberty or give me death" • April – Thomas Gage is given orders from England to enforce Coercive Acts and prevent any military buildup of colonials
Lexington/Concord–Apr 18, 1775 • • British march to Concord William Dawes and Paul Revere alert the countryside Lexington – “shot heard round the world” The Brits marched to Concord
2 nd Continental Congress: May 10, 1775 • Independence Hall – Philadelphia • Peyton Randolph withdraws as President and John Hancock is elected • Delegates from 12 colonies went to Philly • What they did: • Placed colonies in a state of defense • Asked Canada if they wanted to join the rebel cause • Raised 6 companies of riflemen for the colonial army and appointed George Washington commander • July 1775 – John Dickenson (Penn) wrote Olive Branch Petition… begged the King to prevent further hostilities. George III received it in Aug and responded coldly. He declared the colonists to be ‘in open and avowed rebellion” he called on colonial loyalists to bring the “traitors to justice”
Battle of Bunker Hill - 1775 • Why do British attack here? • What happened?
Prohibitory Act - 1775 • George III declares colonies in a state of rebellion • Blockade of American ports issued • British begin to assemble their army and recruit Hessian mercenaries
Common Sense - Thomas Paine • Brazenly attacked the King • Challenged concept of royal authority • King did not have colonists best interests in mind • Called him a tyrant • Asked why and island should rule a continent • Used simplistic language to make points • Sold 150, 000 copies in 3 months
1776 • Jan 1776 - Common Sense is published – Thomas Paine • May 1776 – France and Spain begin to provide money and supplies to the colonial army • June 12, 1776 – Congress appoints a committee led by John Dickinson to prepare a draft for the constitution of the new confederacy - The Articles of Confederation of Perpetual Union • July 12 – Dickinson presented his plan • Approved by 2 nd Cont Congress in Nov 1777, sent to states for ratification
Timeline for Declaring Independence Richard Henry Lee Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson
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