Road to Reformation Part 1 John Stevenson 2016

Road to Reformation Part 1 © John Stevenson, 2016

1 500 The Ancient Church 1000 1500 The Medieval Church Early Middle Ages High Late Middle Ages 2000 The Reformed Church

Early Middle Ages High Middle Ages Late Middle Ages 500 - 1000 - 1300 - 1500 Gradual population growth Rapid population growth Population decline Warm Period Little Ice Age Climate Change

Early Middle Ages High Middle Ages Late Middle Ages 500 - 1000 - 1300 - 1500 Gradual population growth Rapid population growth Population decline Crusades Formation of nation states Gothic architecture Gothic & Renaissance architecture Barbarian invasions Romanesque architecture

A monastery without a library is like a fortress without arms -- Old Medieval Proverb

Monastic Studies Scholasticism Contemplative and literary Argumentative and logical How to I live? What is basis for beliefs? Accepted the Questioned various authority of the abbot opinions

Monastic Studies Scholasticism Ancient texts are authoritative Faith is necessary to understanding

1033 -1109 • Archbishop of Canterbury • Philosopher and theologian • Ontological argument for the existence of God

1033 -1109 “I do not try to understand in order to believe; I believe in order to understand”

Anselm’s Reasoning for God • God is the greatest thing we can imagine • If God only exists in our thoughts, then there is a greater quality we could attribute to Him ― that of existence • Therefore we would be able to conceive of a Being greater than He really is • But since that is absurd, then God must really exist

1079 - 1142 • French philosopher / theologian • Arrogant • Established his own school • Wrote Sic et non (“Yes and no”) • Tutor to Heloise d’Argenteuil • Affair

1079 - 1142 • • • Castration Monastery of St. Denys Wrote Ethica: Internal versus external sins • Excommunicated – Accused of modalism & Pelagianism – Bernard of Clairvaux

1079 - 1142 • Restoration – Monastery of Cluny – Buried alongside Heloise

1079 - 1142 “For through doubting we come to inquiry, and through inquiry we perceive the truth according to Truth himself. ”

Anselm Abelard I believe in order to understand I doubt in order to understand The debt of sin is so great that only God could pay it. This is why it was necessary for God to become man God brought about the atonement through the incarnation to show His great love for us Legal Theology Moral Theology

Anselm Abelard Christ’s death upon Christ’s death on the cross was a substitutionary demonstration of atonement as He divine love that calls paid the penalty of us to live a life of the curse of the law moral obedience to on my behalf God

Anselm Abelard Lutherans Calvinists Arminians Wesleyans Amyraldians Socinians Unitarians Religious Liberals

1225 -1275 • Dominican theologian & scholar • The “Dumb Ox” • Brought Aristotelian Logic to Christianity • Summa Theologica: A systematic theology

Plato Aristotle The world we see We make systematic with our senses is observation and only a shadowy analysis to form incomplete version of logical statements the truth about the world Metaphysical philosophy Scientific method Anselm & Augustine Aquinas

Plato Aristotle Focused on what is important, even if it is not necessarily true Focused on what is true, even if it is not necessarily important

1225 -1275 God’s Existence Proven by reason Known by faith Knowledge of God’s existence Full knowledge of God

Five Ways • Argument from Motion • Argument from Efficient Cause • Argument from Possibility and Necessity • Argument from Graduation of Being • Argument from Design

1225 -1275 Whatever is in motion must be put in motion by another. If that by which it is put in motion be itself put in motion, then this also must needs be put in motion by another, and that by another again… (Summa Theologica).

1225 -1275 But this cannot go on to infinity, because then there would be no first mover, and, consequently, no other mover; seeing that subsequent movers move only inasmuch as they are put in motion by the first mover; as the staff moves only because it is put in motion by the hand… (Summa Theologica).

1225 -1275 Therefore it is necessary to arrive at a first mover, put in motion by no other; and this everyone understands to be God (Summa Theologica).

1225 -1275 Those truths are self-evident which are recognized at once, as soon as the terms in which they are expressed are known. Such a truth is the assertion that God exists: for by the name ‘God’ we understand something greater than which nothing can be thought… Summa contra gentiles 1: 10

1225 -1275 This notion is formed in the understanding by whoever hears and understands the name 'God, ' so that God must already exist at least in the mind… Summa contra gentiles 1: 10.

1225 -1275 Now He cannot exist in the mind only: for what is in the mind and in reality is greater than that which is in the mind only; but nothing is greater than God, as the very meaning of the name shows: it follows that the existence of God is a self evident truth, being evidenced by the mere meaning of the name. Summa contra gentiles 1: 10

1225 -1275 To one who has faith, no explanation is necessary. To one without faith, no explanation is possible.

Augustine Aquinas The state and politics are a consequence of original sin The state and politics are a part of the natural order Predestination: Men Because of original have to cooperate sin, man is with divine grace dependent upon the and exercise it in power of grace for order to be saved salvation

Augustine Aquinas Man cannot know Man can know about anything about God by observing unless he receives the natural world revelation from God

1225 -1275 A man merits an increase of grace by each meritorious More action Grace Merit Grace from God Redemption Merit n o i t a c i f i t s u J e v i s s re g o r P Man cannot merit the first grace John D. Hannah

1225 -1275 Treasury of Merit The Church John D. Hannah

The End The Result The Beginning The gratuitous infusion of grace Moral cooperation: Doing the best one can with the aid of grace Reward of eternal life as a just due John D. Hannah

Magna Carta 1100 1150 1200 1 st Crusade 2 nd Crusade Anselm Abelard Marco Polo 1250 4 th Crusade 3 rd Crusade Peter Waldo Genghis Khan Aquinas 1300

What is the difference between Christendom versus Christianity?

What do the cathedrals tell us about medieval Christianity?

What do the cathedrals tell us about medieval Christianity?

Monastic Schools Cathedrals University

• First universities at Paris and Bologna around 1200 – No physical campus – Collection of students and teachers – Negotiated with local towns to have university – University could move if concessions not granted • University of Paris run by teachers – Specialty in theology

• University of Bolonga run by students – Specialty in law – Teachers paid directly by students

Faculty of Arts • • • Mathematics Astronomy Music Theory Grammar Logic Rhetoric Law Theology Medicine John D. Hannah

• All university students were given clerical status – Could only be tried by clerical courts – Penalty for striking a student was excommunication – Disruptive influence in towns – Women not permitted to universities

Scholasticism Humanism (1100 – 1300) (1300 – 1500) Science, medicine, theology No resolution necessary Nostalgic, free, challenging Practical, immediate Major area of study: Theology Questions: Answered in Theology Truth: Church-based Focus: Otherworldly John D. Hannah