RNAV in Europe Procedure Design Master Class PROCEDURE

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class PROCEDURE DESIGN MASTER CLASS • James (Jim) W Gregory • Civil Aviation Inspector and ATPL pilot with Transport Canada AIS and Airspace Standards • Chair of ICAO OCP • Participant at many RNAV related forums (RTCA SC-181, ATA FMS Task Force, FMS SID/STAR WG) EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class PROCEDURE DESIGN MASTER CLASS • History of RNAV • History of ARINC 424 • Problems related to existing procedures • Reason for limited ARINC 424 set EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV (According to Gregory!!) • Area Navigation (RNAV) • a method of navigation that permits aircraft operation on any desired course within the coverage of stationreferenced navigation signals or within the limits of a self contained system capability, or a combination of these. EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV EUROCONTROL (According to Gregory!!) • RNAV developed to provide more lateral freedom • Better use of airspace • Route not tied to fly-over navigation aids • Initially RNAV commonly meant VOR based rho-theta RNAV systems • Expanded to also include INS/IRS, OMEGA, LORAN C, Doppler, DME/DME and GNSS

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV EUROCONTROL (According to Gregory!!) • Use of RNAV began in late 1960’s • Most were VOR/DME RNAV systems (for GA types; INS for large air carriers) • 1 st commercial RNAV system (course/track line computer) NARCO CLC-60 in mid 1968 • System used waypoints based on radial/DME from VOR/DME facilities • Maximum distance WP from facility was approximately 40 NM

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV EUROCONTROL (According to Gregory!!) Early VOR/DME RNAV system (KNS 80) track line computer

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV EUROCONTROL (According to Gregory!!) Rho-Theta RNAV Route Haines to Belgrade No database support required yet!

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV (According to Gregory!!) • Other agencies began exploring RNAV systems • KLM/Swiss. Air/SAS/UTA had a co-operative effort • Swiss. Air became responsible for the development of a database to support this effort EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV (According to Gregory!!) • 1972 (? ) LITTON INS had database of facilities • June 1973, National Air DC-10 equipped with Collins ANS-70 conducted RNAV operation, including approaches in VMC, with database EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC (According to Gregory!!) • 1973 - avionics manufacturer’s requirement for databases became more critical • Each manufacturer had their own unique requirements for data • Aug 1973 - Jeppesen invites avionics manufacturers to meet • Meeting described as cautious EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC EUROCONTROL (According to Gregory!!) • Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee (AEEC) approached to broker industry standards for databases for navigation • Sep 1973 - AEEC Area Navigation Subcommittee established working group to standardize RNAV system reference data format and encoding characteristics

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC (According to Gregory!!) • Committee noted: • different RNAV manufacturers taking divergent paths with respect to reference data organization • unless trend was halted, airline industry would face very high costs of supporting the production of data files in several different formats • economic benefits would result if resolution could be established EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC (According to Gregory!!) • WG met Jan 74 • examined ways different manufacturers dealt with reference data organization • meeting described as “interesting” as attendees were engineers whose interests were not specifically Aeronautical Information Services EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC EUROCONTROL (According to Gregory!!) • Subsequent WG meetings in Mar and May 74 concentrated on defining characteristics for data elements • AEEC RNAV subcommittee reviewed WG’s first draft “Project Paper 424” Sep 74 • RNAV subcommittee endorsed principles established by WG • RNAV subcommittee took on work itself and disbanded the WG

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC (According to Gregory!!) • Second draft document developed in Jan 75 • additional amendments constituted 3 rd draft • 3 rd draft “Project Paper 424 - Area Navigation System Data Base Specification” approved by AEEC in Spring 75 EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC (According to Gregory!!) • ARINC Specification 424, adopted by AEEC, first published 21 May 75 • Spec amended regularly • each amendment following first publication identified as 424 -1, 424 -2, 424 -3, etc • information up to ARINC 424 -3 only included point-to-point navigation EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC (According to Gregory!!) • ARINC 424 -3, published 4 Nov 82, introduced concept of “path and terminator” • “path and terminator” concept created by Sperry • concept permits coding of terminal area procedures, SIDs, STARs and approaches EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC EUROCONTROL (According to Gregory!!) • Concept established “rules” of coding • Concept includes a set of defined codes known as “path terminators” or “leg type” • Path Terminator “rules” contained in ARINC 424 Attachment 5 • Currently there are 23 different “leg types”

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC (According to Gregory!!) Track to Fix (TF) EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC (According to Gregory!!) Initial Fix (IF) EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC (According to Gregory!!) Hold to Fix (HF), Hold to Altitude (HA), Hold to Manual termination (HM) EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC (According to Gregory!!) Direct to Fix (DF) EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC (According to Gregory!!) Fix to Altitude (FA) EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC (According to Gregory!!) Course to Fix (CF) EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC (According to Gregory!!) Procedure turn to Intercept (PI) EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC (According to Gregory!!) Course to Altitude (CA) EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC (According to Gregory!!) Course to Intercept (CI) EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC (According to Gregory!!) Course to DME termination (CD) EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC (According to Gregory!!) Course to Radial interception (CR) EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC (According to Gregory!!) Fix to distance on Course (FC) EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC (According to Gregory!!) Fix to DME termination (FD) EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC (According to Gregory!!) Fix to Manual termination (FM) EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC (According to Gregory!!) Arc to a Fix (AF) EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC (According to Gregory!!) Heading to DME distance (VD) EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC (According to Gregory!!) Heading to Altitude (VA) EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC (According to Gregory!!) Heading to Manual termination (VM) EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC (According to Gregory!!) Heading to next leg Intercept (VI) EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC (According to Gregory!!) Heading to Radial termination (VR) EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC (According to Gregory!!) Radius to a Fix (RF) EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC (According to Gregory!!) Certain path terminator assumptions are made to accommodate aircraft performance: • speed - 210 K ground speed used to compute distance based upon 3. 5 NM per min • on course reversal - max distance of 4. 3 NM used before turn inbound if no distance or time specified EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC (According to Gregory!!) • Max 25 degree bank angle used to compute turn radius • climb rate of 500 feet per NM used in computations • intercept angles - no specified, 30 degrees for intercept of localizer based and 30 - 45 degrees for all others EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC (According to Gregory!!) • Path terminator concept developed to code existing conventional instrument procedures • However, not all conventional procedures easily coded • “conditional” procedures, easy for pilot to interpret, are difficult for computer to describe EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC EUROCONTROL (According to Gregory!!) • Industry made representation to ICAO OCP RNAV WG in Jun 91 regarding problems with coding conventional procedures • OCP 10 Nov 94 proposed amendment 9 to PANS-OPS Vol I regarding use of FMS/RNAV on conventional procedures:

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC EUROCONTROL (According to Gregory!!) • “FMS/RNAV…may be used…provided: • procedure is monitored using basic display normally associated with that procedure; and • tolerances for flight using raw data on the basic display are complied with. ” • “Lead radials are for non-RNAV equipped aircraft and are not intended to restrict the use of turn anticipation by the FMS”

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC (According to Gregory!!) • Furthermore, agreement to have FMSequipped aircraft fly tracks instead of procedural headings provided heading not required for ATC separation • Industry requesting that design of terminal area procedures be compatible with increasing number of FMS equipped aircraft EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC EUROCONTROL (According to Gregory!!) • New criteria introduced into PANSOPS to cater to the needs of the modern aircraft navigation databases • • • VOR/DME RNAV (Chap 31) GNSS “basic receiver” criteria (Chap 33) DME/DME RNAV (Chap 32) RNP (Chap 35) BARO-VNAV (Chap 34)

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC (According to Gregory!!) • When developing RNAV procedures, following path terminators accommodate all procedures: • IF, TF, DF, FA, CF, HA, and HM • When developing RNP RNAV procedures, the following path terminators are only used: • IF, TF, RF, (DF and FA -discouraged), (CF to be phased out), HF, HA and HM EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC EUROCONTROL (According to Gregory!!) • OCP 12 introduced material for PANS -OPS Vol II and Procedure Design Manual concerning path terminators, their definitions, and their application • Encourage procedure designers to become more knowledgeable about path terminator

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC EUROCONTROL (According to Gregory!!) • On a personal note: • aircraft operation is becoming more reliant upon computer technology rather than pilot skill • computers are smart - but cannot think - yet! • the days of decision making with regard to navigation is being replaced by “monitoring” • crowded skies dictate clearly defined airspace structure and procedures

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC (According to Gregory!!) • Hence, the reason for procedure designers to clearly understand the airborne technology • You are the people who have the greatest influence on the success (or failure) of RNAV and RNP RNAV implementation EUROCONTROL

RNAV in Europe - Procedure Design Master Class HISTORY OF RNAV/ARINC (According to Gregory!!) EUROCONTROL