RNA Protein Synthesis 2014 Katie Garcia HSLS 1

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RNA & Protein Synthesis © 2014 Katie Garcia

RNA & Protein Synthesis © 2014 Katie Garcia

HS-LS 1 -1 HS. Structure & Function Construct an explanation based on evidence for

HS-LS 1 -1 HS. Structure & Function Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells. (Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include identification of specific cell or tissue types, whole body systems, specific proteins structure and functions, or the biochemistry of protein synthesis) © 2014 Katie Garcia

Introduction -Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins -Proteins are

Introduction -Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins -Proteins are made up of amino acids • there are 20 different types of amino acids that code for proteins made in all organisms © 2014 Katie Garcia

Introduction -genetic messages can be decoded by copying part of the nucleotide sequence from

Introduction -genetic messages can be decoded by copying part of the nucleotide sequence from DNA to RNA – so that proteins can be made -the cell uses the DNA “master plan” to prepare RNA “blueprints” so proteins can be made -the DNA stays in the nucleus © 2014 Katie Garcia

Structure of RNA -RNA stands for Ribonucleic Acid -RNA consists of a long chain

Structure of RNA -RNA stands for Ribonucleic Acid -RNA consists of a long chain of nucleotides like DNA but does not have thymine, instead adenine bonds with uracil © 2014 Katie Garcia

RNA Nucleotide -consist of 3 components: 1. ) Sugar = Ribose 2. ) Phosphate

RNA Nucleotide -consist of 3 components: 1. ) Sugar = Ribose 2. ) Phosphate 3. ) Nitrogen base - Adenine (A) - Guanine (G) - Uracil (U) - Cytosine (C) © 2014 Katie Garcia

There are 3 main differences between RNA and DNA 1. sugar in RNA is

There are 3 main differences between RNA and DNA 1. sugar in RNA is ribose 2. RNA is generally single-stranded 3. RNA contains uracil instead of thymine (no thymine!) © 2014 Katie Garcia

There are 3 Types of RNA 1. ) m. RNA - MESSENGER RNA -

There are 3 Types of RNA 1. ) m. RNA - MESSENGER RNA - carries copies of instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins 2. ) r. RNA -RIBOSOMAL RNA -ribosomes are made up of proteins and ribosomal RNA (r. RNA) -proteins are built at ribosome -ribosomes are protein builders © 2014 Katie Garcia

There are 3 Types of RNA 3. ) t. RNA -TRANSFER RNA -during protein

There are 3 Types of RNA 3. ) t. RNA -TRANSFER RNA -during protein construction, transfer RNA (t. RNA) transfers each amino acid to the ribosome (which is attached to m. RNA) © 2014 Katie Garcia

Protein Synthesis is Divided into 2 Processes: 1. Transcription – takes place in nucleus

Protein Synthesis is Divided into 2 Processes: 1. Transcription – takes place in nucleus - DNA molecule is used to create a strand of m. RNA - An enzyme called RNA polymerase unzips DNA and assembles new RNA nucleotides using one strand of DNA as a template - RNA polymerase binds only to regions of DNA known as promoters, which are signals in DNA that indicate to the enzyme where to bind to make RNA - After m. RNA is created, it leaves the nucleus and heads to a ribosome © 2014 Katie Garcia

© 2014 Katie Garcia m. RNA is created from a strand of DNA Transcription

© 2014 Katie Garcia m. RNA is created from a strand of DNA Transcription if you have a smartboard, move the pieces and show students how m. RNA

Protein Synthesis is Divided into 2 Processes: 2. Translation – takes places at a

Protein Synthesis is Divided into 2 Processes: 2. Translation – takes places at a ribosome -During this process, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins at a ribosome -t. RNAs transfers amino acids based on the codons that m. RNA has -Each t. RNA carries a specific anticodon (3 nitrogen bases) and amino acid © 2014 Katie Garcia

Protein Synthesis is Divided into 2 Processes: -Once a t. RNA finds the correct

Protein Synthesis is Divided into 2 Processes: -Once a t. RNA finds the correct codon (3 nitrogen bases on m. RNA) to match its anticodon, it drops off its amino acid with the ribosome -The ribosome connects each amino acid with a peptide bond, and a polypeptide chain starts to grow (which is the protein starting to form) -Once the ribosome hits a stop sequence, it releases the polypeptide (or protein created) © 2014 Katie Garcia

© 2014 Katie Garcia if you have a smartboard, move the pieces and show

© 2014 Katie Garcia if you have a smartboard, move the pieces and show your students how proteins are created Translation

The Genetic Code -The genetic code is the “language” of m. RNA instructions -The

The Genetic Code -The genetic code is the “language” of m. RNA instructions -The instructions in the m. RNA are written as a codon: §A sequence of 3 bases that code for a particular amino acid codon © 2014 Katie Garcia

Proteins -the amino acid chart below can be used to code for proteins ©

Proteins -the amino acid chart below can be used to code for proteins © 2014 Katie Garcia

codon Methionine or Start codes for ? ? ? ? ? © 2014 Katie

codon Methionine or Start codes for ? ? ? ? ? © 2014 Katie Garcia codon codes for ? ? ? ? ? Glutamine

codon codes for ? ? ? ? ? Glycine codon codes for ? ?

codon codes for ? ? ? ? ? Glycine codon codes for ? ? ? ? ? Leucine © 2014 Katie Garcia