RNA m RNA t RNA DNA is a

RNA (m. RNA & t. RNA) DNA is a double helix shape, while RNA is a single strand. DNA stores the genetic information, while RNA carries it to the ribosome and uses it to make protein. DNA uses the base thymine, while RNA uses the base uracil m. Rna carries the genetic information (information on the amino acid sequence) from the nucleus to the ribosome. t. RNA translates the message brought by the m. RNA. Working together, they produce proteins in the ribosome.

Gene Chromosomes are made up of genes, which carry a segment or piece of DNA. A gene is a unit on a chromosome that determines a specific trait in an organism

Transcription Why can’t DNA just make the protein? Small change…Uracil (U) instead of T The process of transcribing a DNA gene into m. RNA (messenger RNA. )

Translation The ribosome reads the m. RNA (it can’t read DNA) There are 3 parts of Translation Initiation Elongation Termination The process of translating m. Rna into a sequence or chain of amino acids to make protein.

Ribosome The ribosome reads the instructions for how to make protein. These instructions are carried by the m. RNA from the nucleus to the ribosome. A part of the cell that acts as the factory to make proteins.

Codons are present in DNA and RNA There are 64 possible codes which can make 20 different amino acids. A sequence of three nucleotides that codes amino acids into a protein molecule when protein is made.

Amino Acid The sequence of these chains is determined by the Codons Amino acids are molecules made mostly out of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen atoms. The acids that link together in chains to form protein.

Point Mutation Point mutations usually happen during DNA replication. A point mutation may consist of: • The loss of a nucleotide • The substitution of one nucleotide for another • The insertion of an additional nucleotide. A mutation that involves a single nucleotide. and may consist of loss of a nucleotide, substitution of one nucleotide for another, or the insertion of an additional nucleotide.

Substitution Mutation Could change a codon to one that encodes a different amino acid and cause a change in the protein produced (Missense) Could make the translation terminate too early (Nonsense) In some cases the DNA still produces the right protein (Silent) A substitution is a mutation in which there is an exchange between two bases Normal THE BIG FAT CAT ATE THE WET RAT Missense THE BIZ FAT CAT ATE THE WET RAT Nonsense THE BIG RAT Deletion THB IGF ATC ATA TET HEW ETR AT Insertion THE BIG ZFA TCA TAT ETH EWE TRA

Insertion Mutation Insertion or Deletion Mutations are also known as Frame Shift Mutations. Insertions are mutations in which extra base pairs are inserted into a new place in the DNA. Normal THE BIG FAT CAT ATE THE WET RAT Missense THE BIZ FAT CAT ATE THE WET RAT Nonsense THE BIG RAT Deletion THB IGF ATC ATA TET HEW ETR AT Insertion THE BIG ZFA TCA TAT ETH EWE TRA

Deletion Mutation Insertion or Deletion Mutations are also known as Frame Shift Mutations. Deletions are mutations in which a section of DNA is lost, or deleted Normal THE BIG FAT CAT ATE THE WET RAT Missense THE BIZ FAT CAT ATE THE WET RAT Nonsense THE BIG RAT Deletion THB IGF ATC ATA TET HEW ETR AT Insertion THE BIG ZFA TCA TAT ETH EWE TRA