Riunione di fisica applicata a Bologna Innanzitutto grazie
Riunione di fisica applicata a Bologna Innanzitutto grazie di essere qui Fisica applicata a Bologna ha diverse realtà scopo di questa riunione: q Conoscersi meglio come persone e soprattutto conoscere meglio le aree di ricerca q Sarebbe bello sentirsi parte di una unità (ovviamente mantenendo le proprie attività) q Magari in futuro potremo partecipare insieme a qualche ricerca Le persone coinvolte : q area fisica medica (ora o in passato) q Area di fisica nucleare Settore fortemente in espansione, anche il numero di studenti interessati alle nostre tesi lo dimostrano R. Spighi: Riunione di Bologna 1
FOOT experiment approved by the INFN CSN 3 on September 2017 (CSN 3) Under construction Physical data taking in 2020 INFN sections/labs: Milano Torino Trento q q Bologna Pisa 101 members (60% staff): q Perugia q Roma 1 -2 Frascati q Napoli 10 INFN Sections 5 laboratories: Frascati, CNAO, Trento, GSI, IPHC (Strasbourg) 12 Italian Universities 2 foreign Universities: Aachen, Nagoya Centro Fermi Physics program: q q Hadrontherapy: q Nuclear fragmentation @ 200 Me. V/u Radioprotection in Space: q Nuclear fragmentation @ 700 Me. V/u R. Spighi: Riunione di Bologna 2
Gamma q q q Relative dose Hadrontherapy vs Radiotherapy Photoelectric (~Z 4/E 3) Compton (~Z/E) Pair prod (~Z 2/ln. E) C-Ion 254 Me. V C-Ion 300 Me. V Bragg Peak Proton/charged ion q q Proton 135 Me. V q q Photon 18 Me. V Ionization Excitation Bremsstrahlung Fragmentation Radiotherapy, IMRT 7 fields γ 60 Co γ 120 Ke. V Pros and cons q q q Depth in water (cm) dose release maximum at the end Penetration depends on energy Hadron > efficient than γ Hadron < damage outside tumor MORE expensive than γ R. Spighi: Riunione di Bologna Hadrontherapy, proton 3
Hadrontherapy in the world patients Fast expansion in the last 50 years facilities From 2010: 10000 patients/year Facility (end of 2016): q Operative 70 q 61 proton q 5 protons and Carbon q 4 Carbon Treated patients (end 2016): q 174512 q 149345 with p (in USA 64516) q 21580 with 12 C (in Japan 17331) q The remnants other particles Italy: 18/3/2017 hadrontherapy in LEA (Livelli Essenziali di Assistenza) CATANA (LNS) CNAO (Pavia) Centers in Europe (2015) Proton therapy Center Trento 4
To be studied on hadrontherapy EM and nuclear interactions beam t n o t o Pr p th H, C, O (95%) p + C, O target fragments low Energy low range Target fragmentation era py C + H projectile fragments Projectile fragmentation High Energy Long range C beam 400 Me. V/c Target fragmentation No fragmentation FOOT goals Ion C y ap r e h p + H both projectile fragmentation R. Spighi: Riunione di Bologna Tail present only when using Carbon 5
C, O at rest Target fragmentation p + C, O fragments (remain in target) proton Target (2 mm) Impossible to detect fragments C et g r ta H a se INVERSE KINEMATIC Proton (H) at rest C, O 200 Me. V/A u o t lt C, O + p fragments u c i f Dif A the end Lorentz boost R. Spighi: Riunione di Bologna C 2 H 4 Target fragmentation q dσ/d. E 5% in inverse kinematics Projectile fragmentation q same but in direct kinematics 6
FOOT Detector (in construction) Electronic Setup n, p, D, T, He Calorimeter BGO Magnets Beam Monitor Target ts n e m g 0° ra 1 f ± vy Start Counter a n e e p H o ar l Pre-target region gu n A Ligh t fr agm ent Ang s ular ope n± 70° Tracker Silicon Strip 1 m Tracker Silicon Pixel ΔE-TOF scintillator downstream region Tracking region 10 cm Section 1 vertexing Section 2 Charge Id Section 3 momentum Emulsion Chamber Setup R. Spighi: Riunione di Bologna 300 μm Emulsion layer 1 mm Emulsion layer C or C 2 H 4 1 mm Pb layer 7
Pre target region SC FOOT BM . . . . …. . … . . Start Counter (SC) . . . . Beam monitor (BM) Beam momentum/direction & fragmentation in SC Trigger and To. F start R. Spighi: Riunione di Bologna 8
Tracking region VTX FOOT. . . . MSD ITR . . …. . … . . . Vertex & Inner Tracker VTX: 4 layers of Si pixel (20 x 20 μm) ITR: 2 layers of Si pixel (20 x 20 μm) B Magnet R. Spighi: Riunione di Bologna Micro Strip Detector (MSD) x on a Z: be ecti r i d m 2 permanent magnets Hallbach geometry B field in y direction (max 0. 8 T) MSD: 3 layers of Si strips (120 μm x 9 cm) 9
SCN CAL FOOT. . . . …. . … . . downstream region . . . . 3 c Calorimeter (CAL) m 24 cm Scintillator (SCN) 2 c m 40 x 2 cm plastic scintillator bars 3 mm thickness 2 layers of 20 bars Silicon Photo. Multiplier (Si. PM) BGO – (Bi 4 Ge 3 O 12) Inorganic scintillator ZBi = 83 ΡBGO = 7. 13 g/cm 3 Weight = 1. 027 kg Total weight 330 Kg Si. PM Pitch 50 μm Voltage breakdown 53 V ΔE-Tof R. Spighi: Riunione di Bologna 10
Performances: charge Z reconstruction Fluka simulation 16 O (200 Me. V/u) C 2 H 4 Fragment univocally defined by Z and A SCN TOF energy deposited in SCN . . FOOT …. . … . . . reconstructed Z 4 He 7 Li 9 Be 11 B 12 C 14 N 16 O 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2. 01± 0. 06 3. 03± 0. 08 4. 05± 0. 09 5. 06± 0. 10 6. 09± 0. 12 7. 11± 0. 14 8. 15± 0. 15 Z Resolution heavy fragments : 2 -3% wrong charge assignment < 1% R. Spighi: Riunione di Bologna 11
Performances: Number of mass A (ex of 12 C) Fluka simul 16 O (200 Me. V/u) C 2 H 4 REDUNDANT Detector different ways to determine A TOF & TRACKER TOF & CALO 12. 4 ± 1. 2 11. 97 ± 0. 45 12. 14 ± 0. 53 ALM FIT Methods: q Standard χ2 q Augmented Lagrangian (ALM) TRACKER & CALO ALM χ2<5 χ2 12. 01 ± 0. 41 A R. Spighi: Riunione di Bologna Fit cut the wrong reconstructed fragments 12
Simulation by Fluka 12 C A = 12. 0 ± 0. 4 FOOT Performances: Number of mass Conservative Resolutions q Δp/p 4% q ΔEkin/Ekin 1. 5% q Δtof 70 – 140 ps q Δ(d. E)/d. E 3 -10% 16 O (200 Me. V/u) C Resolutions from Test Beam q Δp/p 4% q ΔEkin/Ekin 1. 0% q Δtof 50 – 100 ps q Δ(d. E)/d. E 3 -10% 12 C 11 C 12 C 13 C 10 C 11 C 13 C 14 C 10 C Possibility to disentangle isotopes Mass Resolution ~ 3 -4% R. Spighi: Riunione di Bologna 2 H 4 13 14 C
Mars mission: radio protection in space Mars: NO magnetosphere and very thin atmosphere Period 1 year no protection from GCR and SPE Radiation: q Travel: 1. 8 m. Sv/day (GCR + SPE) q On Mars: 0. 64 m. Sv/day q Period 1. 9 year ~ 1 Sv (increase the cancer probability of ~3%) On earth: 2. 64 m. Sv/year Solar Minimum <Travel time> ~ 270 days Durante & Cucinotta, Nature Rev. Cancer (2008) Maximum shielding is needed (interaction on it? ) 90% of particles are proton (9% 4 He, …) GCR (Galactic Cosmic Rays) Large Intersection with the hadrontherapy measures but higher energy R. Spighi: Riunione di Bologna 14
Problems with higher energy: example of 12 C Res: ~3% Fragments with larger energy higher probability to fragment in CALO Fraction of deposited energy 200 Me. V/u Larger neutrons production A with Tof & Tracker tail = 17% missed energy in CAL FOOT redundancy 700 Me. V/u Res: ~ 4% tail = 77% ~ performance @ 700 Me. V/u 20% of well reconstructed R. Spighi: Riunione di Bologna 15
Tracks Reconstruction: M. Franchini, A. Mengarelli and R. Ridolfi FOOT in Bologna FOOT 11 people involved NOME …. . … RUOLO FTE S. Biondi Ass. di Ricerca 0. 3 G. Bruni Dirigente Ricerca 0. 2 M. Franchini Ass. di Ricerca 0. 3 M. Garbini Ric. Centro Fermi 0. 2 A. Mengarelli Ass. di Ricerca 1. 0 G. Sartorelli Prof. Ord. 0. 2 R. Ridolfi Ph. D 1. 0 M. Selvi Ric. INFN III 0. 2 R Spighi Ric. INFN II 1. 0 M. Villa Prof. Ord. 0. 3 A. Zoccoli Prof. Ord. 0. 2 TOTALE (2019) 4. 9 Totale (2018) 2. 1 16 R. Spighi: Riunione di Bologna . . . . Analysis (fragment identification): R. Spighi FOOT …. . … . . . . Global data acquisition: M. Villa, S. Biondi and R. Ridolfi FOOT …. . … . . Global daq and trigger . . . .
Future perspective Test Beam / Data Taking q q q Test beam during 2018 -2019 at CNAO, Trento, Catania to finalize the detector GSI: 4/2019 Data taking with almost complete apparatus (~ first data taking) 2020 -21 Data taking with the complete apparatus Publications q q q SCN detector in publication on NIM EMC detector submitted to Open Physics Journal. General Apparatus Paper: in preparation R. Spighi: Riunione di Bologna Trento Proton Therapy Center 17
Backup slides R. Spighi: Riunione di Bologna 18
CATANA Proton Therapy beam line Hadrontherapy in Italy Proton therapy Center - Trento CNAO Pavia Centro Nazionale Terapia Oncologica q q q Proton beam (till 60 Me. V) q Active since 2002 Eye tumour: 363 patients (98% q survived) proton beam till 250 Me. V Carbon beam till 400 Me. V Active since 2011 First 5 years 828 patients (70 -90% success) Till now 1200 patients R. Spighi: Riunione di Bologna q q Active since 2015 Proton beam (60 -230 Me. V) Full body treatment Experimental halls 19
brief experimental panorama on proton cross section Reaction EKin Me. V σTOT (mb) p p 10 300 100 30 180 -500 25 -35 600 -2000 45 -50 P 4 He 150 -600 110 -120 P 9 Be 200 -600 230 -250 P 12 C 50 450 100 -200 230 200 -1000 280 -350 P 16 O 20 550 50 400 200 350 200 -600 P 40 Ca 350 -400 30 900 100 -200 500 R. Spighi: Riunione di Bologna 20
brief experimental panorama on p 12 C differential cross section 6 Li n p 3 He 7 Be 10 B 10 C 11 C D 9 Be T 7 Li 3 He 11 B R. Spighi: Riunione di Bologna 21
FOOT: Emulsion chamber setup C on C @ 200 Me. V/nucl FLUKA Light fragments (Z<3) produced at wide angle (~75°) n, p, D, T, He Start counter Beam monitor Beam movement to avoid pile-up 10 cm Section 1 vertexing 300 μm Emulsion layer Section 2 Charge Identification 1 mm Emulsion layer C or C 2 H 4 Emulsion Chamber High speed automated scanning Section 3 momentum 1 mm Pb layer R. Spighi: Riunione di Bologna 22 G. De Lellis et al. JINST 2, 2007, P 06004
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