RISK ASSESSMENT OF HOSPITAL WASTE INCINERATION SUBMITTED BY

RISK ASSESSMENT OF HOSPITAL WASTE INCINERATION SUBMITTED BY: MOHIT KUMAR(2013 CEV 2189) MANGI LAL (2013 CEV 2187)

Introduction Hospital is a place of almighty, a place to serve the patient. Since beginning, the hospitals are known for the treatment of sick persons but we are unaware about the adverse effects of the garbage and filth generated by them on human body and environment.

WHAT IS A MEDICAL WASTE? Definition of Medical Waste In this course, medical waste includes all infectious waste, hazardous (including low-level radioactive wastes), and any other wastes that are generated from all types of health care institutions, including hospitals, clinics, doctor’s (including dental and veterinary) offices and medical laboratories. Medical Waste Management 3/ 60 © Copyright Training 4 Today 2000 Published by Environ. Win Software LLC.

Table 1. Type of container and colour code for collection of bio-medical waste Category Waste class Type of container Colour 1. Human anatomical waste Plastic Yellow 2. Animal waste -do- 3. Microbiology and Biotechnology waste -do- Yellow/Red 4. Waste sharp Plastic bag puncture Blue/White Translucent proof containers 5. Discarded medicines and Cytotoxic Plastic bags Black Yellow Waste 6. Solid (biomedical waste) -do- 7. Solid (plastic) Plastic bag puncture Blue/White Translucent proof containers 8. Incineration waste Plastic bag Black 9. Chemical waste (solid) -do- Source: http: //isebindia. com/95_99/99 -07 -

INCINERATION Newly Regulated Emissions from Medical Waste Incineration: 1. Particulate Matter 2. Carbon Monoxide 3. Dioxin 4. Sulfur Dioxide 5. Hydrogen Chloride 6. Nitrogen Oxides 7. Cadmium 8. Lead 9. Mercury Medical Waste Management 5/ 60 © Copyright Training 4 Today 2000 Published by Environ. Win Software LLC.

Typical Process Flow Diagram Waste Storage Pre-processing/blending Incineration Ash Flue Gas Stabilization Pollution Control Effluent Landfill Medical Waste Management 6/ 60 © Copyright Training 4 Today 2000 Published by Environ. Win Software LLC. POTW

RISKS FROM WASTE INCINERATION • Risks to human • Risks to the environment, for instance hospital incineration impact upon flora and fauna • Risks to aesthetics. • Combinations of the previous three. Medical Waste Management 7/ 60 © Copyright Training 4 Today 2000 Published by Environ. Win Software LLC.

Table : -2 Case Study of UK , Hospital incinerator problems Level of risk Very High Moderate Not serious Do not know missing Total General health 29. 9% 13. 8% 4. 2% 22. 8 100% Eye irritation 24% 19. 2% 18% 7% 31. 7% 100% Tension 20. 4% 13. 8% 21. 6% 5. 4% 38. 9% 100% Respiratory symptoms 33. 5% 13. 8% 24% 4. 2% 24. 6% 100% Skin irritation 27. 5% 16. 2% 19. 2% 3. 6% 33. 5% 100% 29. 9% Medical Waste Management 8/ 60 © Copyright Training 4 Today 2000 Published by Environ. Win Software LLC.

Table: -3 Hospital incinerator problems (Kirkby) Level of risk Very seriou s Moderate serious Slight serious Not serious Do not know Missing Data Environmental 71. 9 4. 2 0 1. 8 18. 0 Animals 50. 3 4. 8 3. 6 4. 8 6. 0 30. 5 Crops 51. 5 6. 6 4. 2 26. 9 Children 61. 1 9. 6 3. 0 3. 6 2. 4 20. 4 pregnant women 59. 9 9. 0 7. 2 3. 0 2. 4 18. 6 pollution Medical Waste Management 9/ 60 © Copyright Training 4 Today 2000 Published by Environ. Win Software LLC.

Recycling of disposal clinical waste by rag pickers/ unsafe disposal/ unaesthetic conditions/ odour/ nuisance/ ground water pollution Infectious *(Source: Saurabh & Ram , 2006) liquid waste Waste Generators (Hospitals, Nursing home, Clinics) Status Solid Septic tanks Solid waste Solid open drains Collection * Overflowing drains * Poor sanitary conditions (technical + nontechnical) Collected in open bins without disinfection * No segregation Sorting (segregation) Recycling (at source) Transportation Medical Waste Management 10/ 60 * No labeling of bins * No colour coding of bins * Sorting of used disposables without disinfection Used plastic and glass Intravenous Bowles infections sets, sharps, syringes and sold to third party © Copyright Training 4 Today 2000 Published by Environ. Win Software LLC. * Manually