Rise of the Telescope Galileo Rise of the

Rise of the Telescope: Galileo January 19, 1610 stellar occultation Photographs taken using a

Rise of the Telescope: Galileo Copernicus, Heraclides or Tycho Galileo’s drawing of the phases

Rise of the Telescope: Galileo The discovery page from Galileo’s notebook A later systematic

Rise of the Telescope: 17 th cen. Hevelius, 1643 Hevelius, 1647 Riccioli, 1651 Huygens,

Rise of the Telescope: 17 th cen. Scheiner’s helioscope, 1638: first equatorial mount Roemer’s

Rise of the Telescope: 17 th cen. Hevelius’ 60 -foot telescope, 1673 Huygens’ aerial

Rise of the Telescope: Newton’s reflector, 1671 Newton’s drawing of his prism experiment. This

Rise of the Telescope: Hadley Gregorian reflector with 6 -in mirror, 1721. Also invented

Rise of the Telescope: Dollond Image of slit through 20 cm single lens and

$Rise of the Telescope: Parallax Dorpat refractor Konigsberger heliometer Fraunhofer Struve Henderson Bessel$

Rise of the Telescope: the AU Solar parallax (arcsec) Solar parallax 10 9. 8

$Photography Lewis Morris Rutherfurd Chromatic aberration in an achromatic refractor set up for visual$

Photography Henry Draper’s 1882 photo of the Orion Nebula A modern HST image

Photography John Herschel, 1830 s Henry Draper, 1882 David Malin, 1979 Lord Rosse, 1840

Photography Early photographs from Pedro Re’s collection of scanned plates: above M 31 and

Spectroscopy Fraunhofer’s 1823 spectrum compared with a modern spectrum of similar dispersion. Early photographic

Spectroscopy Harvard College Observatory spectroscopy for the Henry Draper catalogue

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Rise of the Telescope: Galileo

Rise of the Telescope: Galileo January 19, 1610 stellar occultation Photographs taken using a telescope similar to Galileo’s by Tom Pope (www. pacifier. com/~tpope) compared to engraving from Sidereus Nuncius. Upper photo corresponds to a Keplerian telescope; lower is what Galileo would have seen.

Rise of the Telescope: Galileo Copernicus, Heraclides or Tycho Galileo’s drawing of the phases of Venus and modern photo-mosaic Ptolemy

Rise of the Telescope: Galileo The discovery page from Galileo’s notebook A later systematic study One of Tom Pope’s photographs

Rise of the Telescope: 17 th cen. Hevelius, 1643 Hevelius, 1647 Riccioli, 1651 Huygens, 1659

Rise of the Telescope: 17 th cen. Scheiner’s helioscope, 1638: first equatorial mount Roemer’s transit circle, 1684

Rise of the Telescope: 17 th cen. Hevelius’ 60 -foot telescope, 1673 Huygens’ aerial telescope, 1684

Rise of the Telescope: Newton’s reflector, 1671 Newton’s drawing of his prism experiment. This demonstrates the cause of chromatic aberration (and the basis of spectroscopy) Second prism shows no further change

Rise of the Telescope: Hadley Gregorian reflector with 6 -in mirror, 1721. Also invented sextant, 1730.

Rise of the Telescope: Herschel

Rise of the Telescope: Lord Rosse

Rise of the Telescope: Dollond Image of slit through 20 cm single lens and doublet, http: //www. physics. umd. edu/lecdem/

$Rise of the Telescope: Parallax Dorpat refractor Konigsberger heliometer Fraunhofer Struve Henderson Bessel$

Rise of the Telescope: Parallax Dorpat refractor Konigsberger heliometer Fraunhofer Struve Henderson Bessel

Rise of the Telescope: the AU Solar parallax (arcsec) Solar parallax 10 9. 8 9. 6 9. 4 9. 2 9 8. 8 8. 6 8. 4 8. 2 8 1600 8. 81 Solar parallax (arcsec) 8. 808 1769 Venus transit 1700 1800 Date 1900 2000 Solar parallax 8. 806 8. 804 First radar measurement 8. 802 8. 8 8. 796 8. 794 8. 792 8. 79 1900 1920 1940 1960 Date 1980 2000

$Photography Lewis Morris Rutherfurd Chromatic aberration in an achromatic refractor set up for visual$

Photography Lewis Morris Rutherfurd Chromatic aberration in an achromatic refractor set up for visual use

Photography Henry Draper’s 1882 photo of the Orion Nebula A modern HST image

Photography John Herschel, 1830 s Henry Draper, 1882 David Malin, 1979 Lord Rosse, 1840 s Small images from http: //www. rit. edu/~photo/IFS/About-IFS. html

Photography Early photographs from Pedro Re’s collection of scanned plates: above M 31 and M 33 by Isaac Roberts; above right Comet Swift in 1892 by EE Barnard; right the Pleiades by JE Keeler

Spectroscopy Fraunhofer’s 1823 spectrum compared with a modern spectrum of similar dispersion. Early photographic spectrum by William Huggins showing nebular lines

Spectroscopy Harvard College Observatory spectroscopy for the Henry Draper catalogue