Rise of New States Introduction v Mughal Rulers

Rise of New States Introduction v Mughal Rulers always inspected the administration of provincial governors. - they also inspected their accounts concerning the income and expenditure of the state. v But during the Later Mughals the central authority became weakened, the emperors lost control over the governors v Consequently the provincial governors assumed independence, they freed themselves from the central authority v They accepted the suzerainty of the Mughal King, but for intents and purposes they were independent. v These provincial governors thus laid the foundation of independent dynasties. The most prominent amongst them were the governors of Oudh, Bengal and South.

• Rise of Oudh ü The province of the Oudh comprised Banaras, Allahabhad and Kanpur ü Saadat Khan Burhan-ul- Mulk • Founder of Oudh as autonomous state in 1722 - after him Safdar Jung appointed as Wazir – since Safdar and his successors were called as Nawab Wazirs • Most wealthiest independent state in Mughul Empire • Wazid Ali Shah was the last Nawab of Awadh – it was annexed by Lord Dalhousie in Feb 1856 - pensioned off and deported to Calcutta.

• Rise of Bengal Ø In 1700 Aurangzeb appointed Murshid Quli Khan as Bengal’s Diwan – after the death of Aurangzeb, he transferred his capital from Dcaca to Murshidabad. Ø He also endowed with the Governorship of Orissa in 1727, in 1733 Bihar was added Bengal State. Ø During his tenure many reforms in finance and reorganization of administration were given importance. Ø He followed by Shuja- Ud- din, Sarfaraz Khan, Alivardi Khan, Siraj-udduala • Rise of Deccan ü Another state which assumed independence was that of South. Nizam –ul - Mulk Asaf Jah – founder of Hyderbad state ü Under him Deccan became completely free from authority of Mughul kings. - prominent Nizam- Nasir Jung, Muzaffar Jung, Salabat Jung

Rise of Hindu States Introduction • Political awakening among the Hindu Martial classes also contributed to the disintegration of the Mughal Empire • Rajput's in Rajasthan, Sikhs in Punjab, Jats in Agra and Mathura and Marathas in Maharastra. • These classes made an attempt to establish a separate independent principalities. • They rose to eminence on the ruins of the Mughal Empire. 1. Rise of Rajputs q After the death of Aurangzeb the Rajput chiefs of Mewar, Marwar and Amber formed a confederacy in 1708 q After the death of Bahadur Shah, Rajputs became practically independent.

2. Rise of Sikhs • After the death of Last and tenth Sikh guru Govind Singh in 1708, the political and military leadership of the Sikhs came into the hands of Banda Bahadur. • He defeated and killed Wazir Khan , the Mughul Governor • During the reign of Ranjit Singh Sikh attained the zeinth through his military expedition and diplomatic move. • He captured Lahore and Amirstar – in 1802 he added the Golden dome to the Golden Temple- he started the westernization of Sikh Army with the help of Europeans-Ranjit Singh appointed ablest Hindus Muslims and even Europeans in his administration – notable Europeans was Avitabile- appointed as Governor in his reign- Traty of Amirstar was signed with Britishers in 1809

3. Rise of Jats ü After the death of Aurangzeb Jats under the Leader Chauramal Jat took full advantage of the weakness of the Mugul empire and extended their control- took control over ü Mathura and Agra district- Badhan Singh continued the expansion policy of Jats by plundering the Mughul empire ü He made Bharatpur as capital of Jats- after the Third Battle of Panipet- they started to dwindle in the political field. 4. Rise of Marathas Ø The period from 1707 to 1761 Marathas under Peshwas rose to the political prominence by invading and capturing the parts of Mughul Empire. Ø In 1719 Balaji Viswanath-gained the charging Chauth tax from six provinces of Mughul empire Ø Under Balaji Baji Rao marathas were at the apex of their power

5. Rise of Carnatic ü Foundation of this autonomous state by Saadutullah Khan with Arcot as its capital in 1720 s. ü He was nominally under the control of the Nizam of Hyderabad ü Chanda Shaib came to the throne by murdering Anwar-ud-din in 1749 with the help of the French ü Lord Welleslyey pensioned off the last Nawab of Carnatic in 1801. 6. Rise of Mysore Ø Mysore state became independent under the Hindu Wodeyar Dynasty in 1565 after the fall of Vijanagar Empire. Ø Haider Ali(1755) served in this dynasty- trained the armies on the western line with the help of French

ü His success in defending Serirangapatinam against the Marathas in 1759 rewaded him with promotion. ü By 1761 he establish and assumed power in around the Mysore region but continued to recognize Krishna Raja as the lawful ruler ü He succeeded by Tipu Sultan in 1782 and continued fighting with British till 1799 and died while fighting the British. ************************