Ringer For 2 minutes on a new bell
Ringer: For 2 minutes, on a new bell ringer paper, make as many observations as you can about the organism in the pictures below. Arctic Hare (Lepus arcticus) Why are the ears of an arctic hare so short? Why do they have such Big Feet"? Do they have camouflage?
THEME: CHANGE ON EARTH OVER TIME
Charles Darwin: A Brief History… English naturalist. What is a naturalist? It is one who scientifically researches plants or animals, leaning more towards the observational than experimental methods of study. Departed England Dec 27, 1831 on a 5 year voyage on the HMS beagle. Collected 5000 plant and animal specimens. Wrote 1500 pages of notes. Made many observations in the Galapagos that led to his Theory of Evolution.
In 1859, Darwin published his book: “The Origin of Species” In his book, he proposed a mechanism for evolution called Natural Selection.
THE VOYAGE OF THE H. M. S BEAGLE AND CHARLES DARWIN
DARWIN’S OBSERVATIONS and animals seemed remarkably well suited to the environment that they lived in. Patterns of diversity: Plants Tortoises: Shell shape matches the food source on the island that they inhabit. Finches: Living Beak shape matches food source organisms and Fossils: Some fossils resemble living things currently on the island, other fossils resemble nothing on the island.
GIANT TORTOISES OF THE GALÁPAGOS ISLANDS Pinta Island Tower Marchena Intermediate shell Fernandina James Santa Cruz Isabela Santa Fe Hood Island Floreana Isabela Island Dome-shaped shell Hood Saddle-backed shell
DARWIN’S FINCHES
BELL RINGER 1. What is the definition of Evolution? 2. Who was the famous English naturalist aboard the HMS Beagle? 3. Where did he make most of his observations that led to his Theory of Evolution? 4. What did he observe about the tortoises? 5. What did he observe about the finches? 6. What was the name of the controversial book that he wrote?
JOKE OF THE DAY: Survival of the Fittest It still works
JOKE OF THE DAY: Survival of the Fittest
THEORY OF EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION Darwin’s Finches Galapagos Islands Charles Darwin
Natural Selection Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully. This is also called Survival of the Fittest. ÿ Longer hair helps retain heat in colder climates ÿ Taller plants will receive more sunshine. ÿ Plants that root deeply will get more water. ÿ Better camouflage = better survivability
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION Selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=k 2 Kfxdjjv. DE&feature=related http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=k-Kvaeu. IIsw&feature=related
Natural Variation Differences among individuals of a species öSome cows give more milk than others. öSome plants bear more fruit than others. öDarwin proposed that much of this variation could be inherited.
Fitness Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment öGeneration after generation, individuals compete to survive and produce offspring. öIndividuals with characteristics that are not well suited to their environment (with low levels of fitness) either die or leave fewer offspring. öIn other words, Organisms that are “unfit”…. . become extinct!!!
Adaptation Inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival
Secretariat - The Triple Crown winner – Greatest Race horse of all time. “Secretariat runs with heart!” In the Belmont Stakes, Secretariat won by 31 lengths. Average speed of 37. 5 mph for his entire performance. Secretariat's world record still stands. An average racehorse has a heart weighing around 8. 5 pounds Secretariat was autopsied, his heart was estimated at an astonishing twenty-two pounds. Secretariat, who died in 1992, sired 653 foals. His stud fee was $125, 000 per breeding. 8. 2 Million $$$
Camouflaged Animals
Camouflage is an organism’s ability to blend in with its environment, usually in order to protect itself from dangers such as predation and competition. Example: Living stones are an awesome example of a plant’s camouflage. Living stones are small pebble-sizedand-shaped succulent plants that live in the rocky deserts of South Africa. Their remarkable resemblance to surrounding pebbles helps protect them from thirsty foraging animals.
Most animals use camouflage to blend in with their environment
Some animals change color
Some animals mimic other things
SOME ANIMALS GROUP TOGETHER TO CONFUSE THE PREDATOR
EVEN PEOPLE USE CAMOUFLAGE
WHAT KIND OF CAMOUFLAGE ARE THESE ANIMALS USING?
Peppered Moth
CASE OF THE PEPPERED MOTH Peppered moths are a common moth in England. There are variations in the coloration of peppered moths from silvery white with gray speckles to dark gray/black. The most common form before 1850 was a mixture of white and black called “peppered. ” About 90% of the moths found in nature were peppered.
CASE OF THE PEPPERED MOTH Peppered moths lived on trees covered by silvery lichen. During the Industrial Revolution, carbon-fuel pollution killed the silvery lichen on urban trees. Coal soot coated tree trunks causing the trunks to become darker.
Hypothesis: Moths that have a camouflage advantage will survive and become the most common color type. CASE OF THE PEPPERED MOTH
The next slide shows a tree with silvery lichen. Try to find the dark gray peppered moth in the next slide. CASE OF THE PEPPERED MOTH
Try to find the silvery-white colored peppered moth in the next slide. CASE OF THE PEPPERED MOTH
What advantage does camouflage provide the moth? Why might the dark-gray variation of peppered moth have an advantage in urban areas where tree trunks were darkened by coal soot? CASE OF THE PEPPERED MOTH
CASE OF THE PEPPERED MOTH Moth Population Light Colored Dark Colored 1850 1972 95% 5% 25% 5% 95% 75% Today, about 90% of the population is light colored. Why did the population shift back to pre-Industrial Revolution composition?
MOTH ACTIVITY RULES • Location: • Nothing on ceiling • Nothing on my personal pictures area • Nothing on newspaper artifacts on wall • I must be able to visibly see it from the middle room • Can’t be hidden behind something • Color and Design: • No solid Black or White Moths • How to attach your Moth? • No glue or staples • No tape on top • You must roll up tape and stick it on the back • You may not modify the Moth’s environment • You must put your name and period on the back •
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