Rhythm and Rhythm Analysis A RHYTHM MEASUREMENT Symbol

Rhythm and Rhythm Analysis

A. RHYTHM MEASUREMENT �Symbol for stressed syllable = ˈ �Symbol for unstressed syllable = ˘ �Symbol for foot separation = ǀ �Symbol for pause (caesura) = ǀǀ

A. Iamb (Iambic Foot) � Iambic foot consists of two syllables. The first is unstressed and the second is stressed. � ˘ ˈ ˘ ˈ ˘ ˈ � House, hotel, be low, de light � Example for Iambic foot lines: � ˘ ˈ ˘ ˈ ˘ ˈ � A book ǀof verǀ sesun ǀ der neath ǀ the bough � ˘ ˈ ˘ ˈ � A jug ǀ of wine ǀ a loaf ǀ of bread ǀ --andthou

b. Trochee (Trochaic Foot) � Trochee is opposite of iamb. � ˈ ˘ � Ne ver; gat her; hap py � Example for trochaic foot lines: � ˈ ˘ ˈ ˘ � Dou ble, ǀdouble, ǀ toil and ǀ trouble, � ˈ ˘ ˈ ˘ � Fi re ǀ burn and ǀ caul dron ǀ bub ble,

c. Anapest (Anapestic Foot) � Anapest’s foot consists of three syllables and stressed at the last syllable. � ˘ ˘ ˈ ˘ ˘ ˈ ˘˘ˈ � Cav a lier; loch in var; in ter twain; � Example for Anapestic foot lines: � ˘ ˈ ˘ ˘ ˈ ˘ ˘ ˈ � With the sheep; ǀ in the fold ǀ and the cows ǀ in their stalls. � ˘ ˘ ˈ ˘ ˈ ˘ ˘ ˈ ˘ ˈ � Like a child ǀ from the womb, ǀ like a ghost ǀ from the tomb. � ˘ ˘ ˈ ˘ ˘ ˈ ˘ ˘ ˈ ˘ ˘ ˈ � With a leap ǀ and a bound ǀ the swift an ǀ a pest throng.

D. Dactyl (Dactyl is opposite of anapest. Dactylic Foot) � ˈ˘ ˘ ˈ ˘ ˘ � Hap pi ness; merrily; murmuring � Example of Dactylic foot lines: � ˈ ˘ ˘ ˈ � Drip ping their ǀ snow on the green ǀ grass � ˈ ˘ ˘ ˈ˘ ˘ ˈ � Once when the ǀ snow of the ǀ year was be ǀ gin ning to ǀ fall. � ˈ ˘ ˘ ˈ ˘ ˘ ˈ ˘ ˘ � Love a gain ǀ song a gain ǀ nest a gain, ǀ young a gain.

E. Spondee (Spondaic Foot) � Sppondee consists of two syllables and all of syllables have stressed. Example of Spondee foot: � ˈ ˈ ˈ ˈ ˈ � Heartbreak. Childhood; football � Spondee in one of Byron’s poetry: � ˈ ˈ � Roll on, thou deep and dark blue Ocean -- roll !

F. Pyrrh (Pyrrhic Foot) �This one is opposite of spondee that is also consists of two unstressed syllables. �Example of Pyrrh line: �˘ ˈ˘˘˘ ˈ �Through caverns measureless to man

� Row Classification As we know that row is classified based on the number of the foot, i. e. monometer, dimeter, trimeter, tetrameter, pentameter, hexameter, heptameter, and octameter. Examples: � Monometer is a line of verse consisting of one-foot row. Example: Upon His Departure By Robert Herrick Thus I Pass by And die: As One, Unknown, And gone: I’m made A shade, And laid I’th’ grave: There have My cave. Where tell I dwell, Farewell.

Dimeter is a line of verse consisting of two-foot row. Money By Richard Armour Workers earn it, Spendthrifts burn it, Banker lend it, Women spend it, Forgers take it, Dying leave it, Heirs receive it, Thrifty save it, Misers crave it, Robbers seize it, Rich increase it, Gamblers lose it, I could use it.

Trimeter is a line of verse consisting of three-foot row. The Idle Life I Lead By Robert Bridges The idle life I lead Is like a pleasant sleep, Wherein I rest and heed The dreams that by me sweep. And still of all my dreams In turn so swiftly past, Each in its fancy seems A nobler than the last. And every eve I say, Noting my steps in bliss, That I have known no day In all my life like this.

Tetrameter is a line of verse consisting of four-foot row. Not Quite Fair By Henry Leigh The hills, the meadow, and thelakes, Enchant not for their own sweet sakes: They cannot know, they cannot care To know that they are thought so fair.

Pentameter is a metrical line consisting of five feet row. Twelfth Night By William Shakespeare If music be the food of love, play on; Give me excess of it, that, surfeiting, The appetite may sicken, and so die. That strain again! It had a dying fall: O, it came o’er my ear like the sweet sound…

Hexameter A metrical line of six feet, most often dactylic, and found in Classical Latin or Greek poetry. In English, an iambic hexameter line is also known as an alexandrine. Only a few poets have written in dactylic hexameter. Evangeline By Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Now had the season returned, when the nights grow colder and longer, And the retreating sun the sign of the Scorpion enters. Birds of passage sailed through the leaden air, from the ice-bound, Desolate northern bays to the shores of tropical islands.

Heptameter A metrical line of seven feet. Casey at the Bat By Ernest Lawrence Thayer The outlook wasn’t brilliant for the Mudville nine that day; The score stood four to two with but one inning more to play. And then when Cooney died at first, and Barrows did the same, A sickly silence fell upon the patrons of the game…

Octameter is a line with eight foot. The Raven (Edgar Allan Poe) ˈ ˘ ǀ ˈ ˘ ǀˈ ˘ ǀ ǀ ˈ ˘ Once upon a midnight dreary, while i pondered, weak and weary

Pause and Enjambement Death, Be not Proud By John Done Death, be not proud, though some have called thee Mighty and dreadful, for thou art no so; For those whom thou think’st thou overthrow Die not, poor Death, not yet canst thou kill me. From rest and sleep, which but thy picture be, Much pleasure; then from thee much more must flow; And soonest out best men with thee do go – Rest of their bones and souls’ delivery! Thou’ art slave to fate, chance, kings and desperate men, And dost with pioson, war, and sickness dwell; And poppy or charms can make us sleep as well ‘And better than any stroke. Why swell’st thou then? One short sleep past, we wake eternally, And Death shall be no more, Death, thou shalt die.

Analyzing rhyme -Giving accent sign -Giving unaccented sign -Giving bar -Giving caesura -Describe the dominant metrical foot and its line length

Prosody in Modern Poem

Stopping by Woods on a snowy evening by Robert Frost Whose woods these are i think i know. His house is in the village though; He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up in snow My little horse must think it queen To stop without a farm house near Between the woods and frozen lake He gives his harness bells a shake To ask if there is some mistake The only other sound’s the sweep Of easy wind dan downy flake The woods are lovely and deep, But i have promises to keep And miles to go before i sleep

Stress prosody is a prosody that based on determining the long syllable (accented syllable) quantity by neglecting the short syllable (unaccented syllable) quantity. “Easter, 1916” I have met them at close of day Coming with vivid faces From counter or desk among grey Eighteenth century houses. I have passed with a nod of the head Or polite meaningless words, Or have lingered awhile and said Polite meaningless words, And though before I had done. . . (W. B Yeats)

3. Syllable Prosody Syllable prosody is a prosody that based on counting of syllable quantity by neglecting the stress quantity. “In my Craft or Sullen Art" In my craft or sullen art Exercised in the still night When only the moon rages And the lovers lie abed With all their griefs in their arms, I labour by singing light Not for ambition or bread Or the strut and trade of charms On the ivory stages But for the common wages Of their most secret heart. (Dylan Thomas)

Syllable prosody can also take a stanzaic form, as in Marianne Moore's poem "No Swan So Fine", "No water so still as the dead fountains of Versailles. " No swan, with swart blind look askance and gondoliering legs, so fine as the chintz china one with fawnbrown eyes and toothed gold collar on to show whose bird it was. Lodged in the Louis Fifteenth Candelabrum-tree of cockscombtinted buttons, dahlias, sea urchins, and everlastings, it perches on the branching foam of polished sculptured flowers — at ease and tall. The king is dead.

4. No Formal Metric No formal metric is a prosody that not based on syllable and stress. Elegy for Jane (My student, thrown by a horse) I remember the neckcurls, limp and damp as tendrils; And her quick look, a sidelong pickerel smile; And how, once startled into talk, the light syllables leaped for her, And she balanced in the delight of her thought, A wren, happy, tail into the wind, Her song trembling the twigs and small branches. The shade sang with her; The leaves, their whispers turned to kissing, And the mould sang in the bleached valleys under the rose. Oh, when she was sad, she cast herself down into such a pure depth, Even a father could not find her: Scraping her cheek against straw, Stirring the clearest water. (Theodore Roethke)

The function of Rhythm Differences in rhythm speed will cause differences of feeling, mood and atmosphere, or differences in tone in general. Slow and heavy rhythms tend to create solemn, sad, and so on, while fast rhythm tends to create a cheerful, playful, funny atmosphere. By other poetic elements, especially the choice of words and figures of speech, the rhythm creates the tone. The readers also get the pleasure of poetry with a regular and harmonious rhythm.