Rhetoric and Rhetorical Devices Rhetoric Art of speaking

Rhetoric and Rhetorical Devices

Rhetoric Art of speaking and writing effectively Art of argumentation Art of persuasion The masterful use of language to get what you want!

Iago Uses rhetoric to create his identities He is a different person to different people

Aristotelian Appeals Ethos Pathos Logos

Ethos Appeals how to credibility an author/speaker builds credibility & trustworthiness

Ethos Effect on Audience Helps audience to see the author/speaker as reliable, trustworthy, competent, and credible. The audience might respect the author/speaker or his/her views.

Ways to Develop Ethos (ethical) Appeals Author’s/speaker’s profession / background Appearing sincere, fair minded, knowledgeable Appearing relatable Using and inclusive tone (“we”) Conceding to opposition where appropriate Morally / ethically likeable Appropriate language for audience and subject Correct grammar Professional format

Pathos Appeals words to emotion or passages an author/speaker uses to activate emotions

PATHOS Effect on Audience Evokes an emotional response. Persuasion (usually anger, ) by emotion. evoking fear, sympathy, empathy,

Types of PATHOS (emotional) Appeals Emotionally loaded language Vivid descriptions Figurative language Anecdotes, testimonies, or narratives about emotional experiences or events Emotional tone (humor, sarcasm, disappointment, excitement, etc. )

Logos Appeals the to logic argument itself the reasoning the author/speaker uses logical evidence

Logos Effect on Audience Evokes a cognitive, rational response. Readers get a sense of, “Oh, that totally makes sense” or “Hmm, that really doesn’t prove anything. ”

Types of LOGOS (logical) APPEALS Scientific theories Literal or historical analogies/allusions Definitions Factual data & statistics Quotations/Citations from experts & authorities Informed opinions Examples (real life examples) Personal anecdotes

Literary/rhetorical devices Shakespeare manipulates language in order to manipulate his audience. Iago manipulates language in order to manipulate others. What techniques or devices does Shakespeare, and thereby Iago, use to create ethical, emotional and logical appeals? Soooo many! But we will only look at a few. . .

Figurative Language Simile • The full moon glowed like an orange in the sky. Metaphor The full moon was an orange hanging low in the sky. Metaphors DIRECT IMPLIED- may be direct or implied My mind is a sailboat that wanders with the wind. My mind sailed away from the turbulent waters of the argument in search of a peaceful harbor.

Imagery is language that appeals to the senses. Touch The surface of the eggplant felt smooth and cool under my fingers. Taste As I bit into the peach, a burst of sweetness hit my tongue. Hearing Bells jangled discordantly in the background as the heavy door creaked open. Smell A heavy, floral scent wafted over us as we passed the rose garden. Sight The clouds were so thick, we could barely make out the faint circle of the sun.

Iago’s imagery and figurative language Poison Animals Heaven and hell Light/purity/heaven Demons/monsters/hell Black and white/contrasts Sight/blindness Plants Note the way Iago uses these images to serve his purpose Note the way Shakespeare uses them as motifs to reveal character and themes. . . See also repetition

Diction/Connotative Language Word Choice/Implied meaning Consider the literal meaning (denotation). Then, consider the intended emotional effect (connotation) The bouncy little girl’s steady murmuring was a pleasant background to the concert. The hyper little girl’s nonstop yakking was a grating background to the concert.

Repetition Recurrence of words, phrases, sounds, structures or , images/ ideas (motifs- images or ideas repeated throughout a literary work to illuminate theme (universal message)) Ex. Stopping by Woods On a Snowy evening, by Robert Frost The woods are lovely, dark, and deep, But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep.

The repetition of letter sounds within two or more words of a phrase, sentence, or longer passage. Alliteration repeats the beginning sounds. Roderigo: Tush, never tell me! I take it much unkindly That thou, Iago, who hast had my purse As if the strings were thine, shouldst know of this. Assonance Cassio: repeats vowel sounds. He has had most favorable and happy speed: Tempests themselves, high seas, and howling winds, The gutter’d rocks, and congregated sands, Traitors ensteep’d to clog the guiltless keel, Consonance Othello: repeats consonant sounds. Not out of absolute lust, though peradventure I stand accountant for as great a sin, But partly led to diet my revenge, For that I do suspect the lusty Moor Hath leap’d into my seat;

Anadiplosis repeats the last word or words of a sentence, phrase, or clause at or near the beginning of the next. Othello: Iago: Othello: Is he not honest? Honest, my lord? “Honest? ” Ay, honest

Anaphora repeats the first word or phrase in successive sentences. Othello: Wherein I spake of most disastrous chances, Of moving accidents by flood and field, Of hairbreadth ’scapes i’ the imminent deadly breach, Of being taken by the insolent foe, …

Intimation Hinting at something rather than directly stating it. “Signior, "She is all your family within? ” did deceive her father and may thee. ”

Rhetorical Questions Leading questions Not intended to be answered Used to bring up a point or lead to a thought

Irony Discrepancy between expectation and reality Sarcasm- say one thing, mean another Understatement-making something sound less significant than it really is Hyperbole-extreme exaggeration All intended to emphasize some point

Paralipsis Calling attention to something by saying it is not important “I find it interesting that it was back in the 1970 s that the swine flu broke out then under another Democrat President, Jimmy Carter. I’m not blaming this on President Obama, I just think it’s an interesting coincidence. ” — Michele Bachmann, 28 April 2009 “I’m not saying I’m responsible for this country’s longest run of uninterrupted peace in 35 years! I’m not saying that from the ashes of captivity, never has a Phoenix metaphor been more personified! I’m not saying Uncle Sam can kick back on a lawn chair, sipping on an iced tea, because I haven’t come across anyone man enough to go toe to toe with me on my best day!” — Robert Downey Jr. in Iron Man 2 (2010)

Also, take note of what is not being said. . . Ellipses . . . , lets sentence/thought trail off. . . Dashes- - show an incomplete though or statement indicates hesitation Well-placed OR silences- Iago says nothing to let others think OR to let others rant and say or reveal something they shouldn’t

“I Have a Dream” "I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation. And as we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall always march ahead. We cannot turn back.

“I Have a Dream” Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves, who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity.

“I Have a Dream” But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later , the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later , the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. And so we've come here today to dramatize a shameful condition.

“I Have a Dream” Those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual. There will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights. The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges.