Revolutions in Europe and Latin America Chapter 21

Revolutions in Europe and Latin America Chapter 21

Sec. 1: An Age of Ideologies u What were the goals of conservatives? u How did Liberalism and nationalism challenge the old order? u Why was Europe plagued by revolts after 1815?

Section 1 Congress of Vienna

Opposing Ideologies At the Congress of Vienna, the powers of Europe tried to turn the clock back to the way things had been before 1789. Other voices, however, kept challenging the order imposed by the Congress of Vienna. The clash of people with opposing ideologies, or systems of thought and belief, plunged Europe into more than 30 years of turmoil.

Goals of the conservatives Conservatives pursued the following goals: u Restore royal families to the thrones they had lost when Napoleon swept across Europe. u Maintain a social hierarchy in which lower classes respected and obeyed their social superiors. u u Maintain an established church. Suppress revolutionary ideas.

1 The Liberal and Nationalist Challenge Challenging the conservatives at every turn were liberals and nationalists who were inspired by the Enlightenment and the French Revolution. LIBERALISM Liberals wanted: u Governments based on written constitutions and separation of powers. u Natural rights of liberty, equality, and prosperity. u Rulers elected by the people and responsible to them. u A republican form of government. u Laissez-faire economics. NATIONALISM u u u National groups who shared a common heritage set out to win their own states. Nationalism gave people with a common heritage a sense of identity. Nationalism often bred intolerance and led to persecution of other ethnic or national groups.

Revolts Against the Old Order Spurred by the ideas of liberalism and nationalism, revolutionaries fought against the old order. u u In the Balkans, first Serbia, and later Greece fought for and won independence from their Ottoman rulers. In Spain, Portugal, and various states in the Italian peninsula, rebels struggled to gain constitutional governments. In response, a French army marched over the Pyrenees to suppress the revolts in Spain. Austrian forces crossed the Alps to smash rebellious outbreaks in Italy.

French History in 18 th & 19 th Century

Sec. 2: Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 u Why did revolutions occur in France in 1830 and 1848? u How did revolution spread in 1830? u What were the results of the 1848 revolutions?

Section 2 Louis. Philippe I, the last King of France Liberty Leading the People Scenes of July

Why Did Revolutions Occur in France in 1830 and 1848? 2 1830 Charles X, a strong believer in absolutism, suspended the legislature, limited the right to vote, and restricted the press. Liberals and radicals rebelled and took control of Paris. Moderate liberals put in place a constitutional monarchy, and chose Louis Philippe as king. 1848 When the government tried to silence critics and prevent public meetings, angry crowds took to the streets. Louis Philippe abdicated. Revolutionary leaders proclaimed a Second Republic.

How Did Revolution Spread in 1830? The revolts in Paris inspired uprisings elsewhere in Europe. Most were suppressed by military force. But here and there, rebels did win changes from conservative governments. Belgium The Congress of Vienna had united Belgium and Holland under the Dutch king. The Belgians resented this arrangement and pushed for independence. In 1831, Belgium became an independent state with a liberal constitution. Poland Nationalists in Poland staged an uprising in 1830. However, the rebels failed to gain widespread support, and were brutally crushed by Russian forces.

Revolutions of 1848 In 1848, revolts in Paris again unleashed a tidal wave of revolution across Europe. u In Austria, revolts caused Metternich to resign. The Austrian government agreed to reforms, but these gains were temporary. With Russian help, Austrian forces defeated the rebels. Many were imprisoned, executed, or exiled. u Nationalists in Italy rebelled against Austrian Hapsburg rulers. They expelled the pope and installed a nationalist government. Before long, Austrian troops ousted the new government and the French army restored the pope to power. u In Prussia, liberals forced King Frederick William IV to agree to a constitution written by an elected assembly. Within a year, Frederick dissolved the assembly and issued his own constitution keeping power in his own hands.

Why Did the Uprisings Fail? By 1850 the rebellions had faded, ending the age of liberal revolution that had begun in 1789. u Rulers used military force to suppress the uprisings. u Revolutionaries did not have mass support. u A growing gulf divided workers seeking radical economic change and liberals pursuing moderate political reforms.

After the French Revolution

Sec. 3: Latin American Wars of Independence u What caused discontent in Latin America? u How did Haitians, Mexicans, and people in Central America win independence? u How did the nations od South America win independence?

Section 3 Independent Nations of Latin America, 1844

What Caused Discontent in Latin America? By the late 1700 s, the revolutionary fever that gripped Western Europe had spread to Latin America. There, discontent was rooted in the social, racial, and political system that had emerged during 300 years of Spanish rule. u u Creoles resented their second-class status. Mestizos and mulattoes were angry at being denied the status, wealth, and power available to whites. Native Americans suffered economic misery under the Spanish. Enslaved Africans who worked on plantations longed for freedom.

3 Struggles for Independence HAITI In 1791, Toussaint L’Ouverture led slaves in revolt. By 1798, enslaved Haitians had been freed. In 1802, Napoleon sent an army to recapture Haiti. Napoleon’s forces agreed to a truce, or temporary peace. In 1804, Haitian leaders declared independence. MEXICO Father Miguel Hidalgo and José Morales led popular revolts. Rebels led by Agustín de Iturbide overthrew the Spanish viceroy, creating an independent Mexico. Iturbide took the title of emperor, but was quickly overthrown. Liberal Mexicans set up the Republic of Mexico. CENTRAL AMERICA Spanish-ruled lands declared their independence in the early 1820 s. Local leaders set up the United Provinces of Central America. The union soon fragmented into separate republics of Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, and Costa Rica.

Independence in South America In South America, Native Americans had rebelled against Spanish rule as early as the 1700 s, with limited results. It was not until the 1800 s that discontent sparked a widespread drive for independence. v Simon Bolívar, called “The Liberator, ” led an uprising that established a republic in Venezuela. He then captured Bogotá, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. v In 1816, José de San Martín helped Argentina win freedom from Spain. He then joined forces with Bolívar. v Bolívar tried to unite the liberated lands into a single nation called Gran Columbia. However, bitter rivalries made that dream impossible. Before long, Gran Columbia split into three independent countries: Venezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador.

3 Independence Movements in Latin America Long-Term Causes European domination of Latin America Immediate Causes Spread of Enlightenment ideas People of Latin America resent colonial rule and social injustices American and French revolutions Revolutionary leaders emerge Growth of nationalism in Latin America Napoleon invades Spain and ousts Spanish king Immediate Effects Long-Term Effects Toussaint L‘Ouverture leads slave revolt in Haiti Attempts made to rebuild economies Bolívar, San Martín, and others lead successful revolts in Latin America 18 separate republics set up Colonial rule ends in much of Latin America Continuing efforts to achieve stable democratic governments and to gain economic independence