REVOLUTIONS 3 Objectives 1 Understand the causes of

REVOLUTIONS 3. Objectives: 1. Understand the causes of each revolution. 2. Summarize the steps of each revolution chronologically. Explain the short and long-term effects of each revolution.

ENGLAND � The Stuarts: ◦ 1603, James I claimed divine right, clashed with Parliament over funds, disliked Puritans ◦ 1625, Charles I behaved the same way, imprisoned foes, wanted money. He called Parliament together to raise taxes. They made him sign the Petition of Right keeping him from raising taxes without consent of Parliament and imprisoning people without trial. He basically ignored it. In 1640, he had to call Parliament to get money to suppress a rebellion in Scotland.

ENGLAND � Long Parliament: 1640 -1653. Tried and executed Charles’s chief ministers. Called for abolition of bishops. Decreed only Parliament can dissolve Parliament. � Civil War: 1642 -1651. Cavaliers v. Roundheads ◦ Oliver Cromwell: led the Roundheads, New Model Army, ◦ Charles I was executed! 1649 ◦ The Commonwealth: House of Commons abolished the monarchy, House of Lords, and Church of England; declared a republic; banished Catholics to Ireland; Levellers ◦ Cromwell became “Lord Protector” and ruled as a dictator

ENGLAND � Puritans: Sundays; no theatres; frowned on taverns, gambling, and dancing; encourage literacy to read the Bible; marriage based on love; Jews welcomed back to England � The Restoration: Cromwell died in 1658, and in 1660 a newly elected Parliament invited Charles II to return to England from exile. Charles II reopened theatres and taverns � James II: 1685, Catholic � Glorious Revolution: William III and Mary from the Netherlands were asked to take over throne. James II fled to France. Bloodless

ENGLAND � English Bill of Rights: Parliament over monarch, House of Commons got “power of the purse”, no Roman Catholic could be king, rights of citizens � Toleration Act: religious freedom on dissenters but not Catholics, only Church of England members could hold public office � Limited Monarchy � Constitutional Government: political parties (Tories and Whigs), cabinet system, Prime Minister

AMERICA � By 1750, Britain had a string of colonies along the eastern coast of North America. � Seven Years’ War/French and Indian War cost Britain a lot. Britain increased taxes on colonists in order to pay for the wars. ◦ ◦ Sugar Act Stamp Act “No taxation without representation” Declaratory Act

AMERICA � March 1770, Boston Massacre � December 1773, Boston Tea Party � Revolutionary War: April 1775, Lexington and Concord � Continental Army with George Washington in command � Declaration of Independence: July 4, 1776, Thomas Jefferson, Locke’s ideas, popular sovereignty, list of grievances � Colonists won with the help of France. Treaty of Paris 1781

AMERICA � Articles of Confederation: too weak � Philadelphia, 1787 -1789: wrote Constitution ◦ Philosophes’ ideas: social contract, separation of powers, checks and balances, natural rights ◦ Federal republic: national and state levels ◦ Bill of Rights

FRANCE � Three Estates (social classes) of the ancien regime: ◦ First Estate: clergy, wealth and privilege, no taxes ◦ Second Estate: nobility ◦ Third Estate: everyone else, bourgeoisie/middle class, peasant farmers, urban poor, taxes! ◦ France had a huge national debt from wars to keeping a lavish royal court, near bankruptcy, bread riots ◦ Louis XVI called the Estates-General and had them prepare cahiers ◦ Voting in Estates-General was unfair. Each estate got one vote even though Third Estate was the majority of population. ◦ June 1789, Third Estate declared themselves the National Assembly, Tennis Court Oath---write a constitution

FRANCE � Storming of the Bastille: July 14, 1789, looking for gunpowder and weapons, symbolic � The Great Fear: peasants unleashed their fury on nobles, set fires, stole grain � National Assembly: Special privilege ends; Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen; “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”; Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen by Olympe de Gouges � Women March on Versailles: Bread! King and family had to go back to Paris to the Tuileries palace � National Assembly Produces a Constitution: French Catholic Church put under state control, 1791 Constitution set up a limited monarchy with a legislative assembly, � Louis XVI tried to escape unsuccessfully

FRANCE Radical take over: Other rulers feared the spread of revolution and supported the French monarchy. Sansculottes wanted to end the monarchy. To them revolution hadn’t gone far enough. They were supported by political group called the Jacobins. Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria and Prussia. � Monarchy is abolished: September 1792, French Republic created. Louis XVI was executed for being a traitor to France. Marie Antoinette also beheaded. � Reign of Terror: Committee of Public Safety, Maximilien Robespierre “the Incorruptible”, republic of virtue through terror, guillotine � Third Stage of Revolution: Constitution of 1795, Directory, bicameral legislature, Napoleon Bonaparte became a member of the Directory �

LATIN AMERICA � Social ◦ ◦ Structures Cause Resentment: Peninsulares: European born in Europe Creoles: European born in Latin America Mestizos: European and Native American Mulattoes: European and African � Napoleon Invades Spain, time of weakness � Toussaint L’Ouverture Leads a Slave Revolt in Haiti, 1791 -1804, declared independence

LATIN AMERICA � Mexico and Central America: ◦ Creole priest Father Miguel Hidalgo in Mexico motivated the poor mestizos and Native Americans to revolt ◦ Father Jose Morelos continued his work ◦ Mexico wins independence in 1821 ◦ Iturbide briefly Emperor, but then Republic of Mexico created ◦ Central America declared independence from Spain in 1820 s Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica

LATIN AMERICA � South America: ◦ Simon Bolivar: educated creole, 1810 - led uprising in Venezuela. By 1821, had freed Venezuela. “The Liberator”. He then moved south and joined forces with Jose de San Martin. ◦ San Martin was also a creole, helped Argentina win independence from Spain, then Chile and Peru. ◦ Bolivar wanted one great nation, Gran Columbia. ◦ Many wars for power in this area, separate nations ◦ Brazil was proclaimed independent by the Portuguese royal family. Dom Pedro became emperor of Brazil and made reforms. Monarchy lasted until 1889.