REVOLUTION OF ANOTHER SORT World Population 1400 375

…REVOLUTION OF ANOTHER SORT • World Population • 1400 – 375 million • 1800 – 1 BILLION Need an alternative energy source to replace old limited resources (sound familiar? ) � Fossil fuels! Coal, oil and natural gas LEADS TO A 50 FOLD INCREASE IN PRODUCTIVITY IN ONLY 150 YEARS • Energy crisis – wood and charcoal scarce � • (price ↑)

…COMBINE NEW FUELS WITH: NEW AND INCREASED TECHNOLOGY (WHY? ) LOTS OF CHEAP LABOR (WHY? ) NEW ENTREPRENEURIAL FREEDOM (WHY? )

POWERED MACHINERY • textiles, iron steel, food processing, chemicals, electricity, telephone, telegraph, etc…

WHY BRITAIN? � 52 millions lbs of cotton used in 1800 � 588 million lbs of cotton used in 1850 � Lots of coal and iron � More agriculture output meant lower food prices and less farm work meant more workers � World wide trade � No revolution (like France)

• improved quality of life for many • Growth of railroads and canals meant easier to travel and goods get cheaper • Population growth stabilized • Death rates fell (people ate better and kept cleaner) • Birth rates fell (family planning practiced because people didn’t need large families to ensure survival) • Rise of Middle-Class POSITIVE EFFECTS

NEGATIVE IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Long hours, Overcrowded cities, pollution, dangerous working conditions, low wages, child labor, etc… • Most people are still poor (although there is a growing middle class) • These people suffer the most and gained the least! • WITH YOUR PARTNER, GENERATE A LIST OF PROBLEMS YOU UNCOVERED BY PLAYING THE “URBAN GAME”

RISE OF SOCIALISM political and economic theory that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole. • Karl Marx – Industrial capitalism was unstable! Too few people controlled too much wealth! • Those who did all the work, suffered the most and would surely rise up and create a classless society! • World-wide REVOLUTION seen as inevitable!

REFORM IN EUROPE AND AMERICA • Socialism diffused by the new middle class • Life had improved and they were protective of those improvements • No desire to lose new status • Wages rising, food prices dropping, child labor laws passing – Marx did not foresee society taking reform upon itself

…BUT NOT IN RUSSIA � Absolute monarchy…still. � No legal political parties � No nation-wide elections � Serfs (slaves) not freed until 1861 � Forced industrialization � Serfs go from fields to factories (still have no rights) � 13 hr days, living in barracks, ruthless discipline �Marxist socialism sounds very appealing…

im·pe·ri·al·ism Imperialism is a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy, economic influence or military force.

imperialism Stronger countries take over weaker countries – WHY? 25 seconds – with your partner, see how many reasons you can think of

WHY DID IMPERIALISM DEVELOP? � Economic factors – competition of industrial revolution � New and additional Resources � New and additional Markets � Nationalistic factors – competition between nations � We’re bigger and better than you; extreme patriotism � Cultural factors � You should live like us, we are modern and awesome (slavery should end!) � Spread of Christianity � Military factors � Protect those colonies, take over and compete with other nations

Partner A explain what this cartoon is showing, Partner B explain how this cartoon might be contradictory to Enlightenment and reform ideas IMPERIALISM

…THE SUN NEVER SETS ON THE BRITISH EMPIRE!

FORMS OF IMPERIALISM Colony Protectorate Sphere of Influence Economic Imperialism CHARACTERISTICS

FORMS OF IMPERIALISM CHARACTERISTICS Colony A country or region governed internally by a foreign power (Colonial India) Protectorate Sphere of Influence Economic Imperialism

FORMS OF IMPERIALISM Colony Protectorate Sphere of Influence Economic Imperialism CHARACTERISTICS A country or region governed internally by a foreign power A country with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power (US Virgin Islands)

FORMS OF IMPERIALISM Colony Protectorate Sphere of Influence Economic Imperialism CHARACTERISTICS A country or region governed internally by a foreign power A country with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power An area in which an outside power claims exclusive trading privileges

FORMS OF IMPERIALISM Colony Protectorate Sphere of Influence Economic Imperialism CHARACTERISTICS A country or region governed internally by a foreign power Example: Britain colonized India A country with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power Example: Puerto Rico is a protectorate of the U. S. An area in which an outside power claims exclusive trading privileges Example: Spheres of Influence in China in the 1800 s Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other government Example: United Fruit Company in Honduras

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING Make a poster with 4 boxes that illustrates each of the 4 forms of Sphere of Colony Imperialism. Influence Protectorate Economic Imperialism

FORMS OF IMPERIALISM TYPES OF MANAGEMENT INDIRECT CONTROL v. Local government officials were used v. Limited self-rule v. GOAL: to develop future leaders v. Government institutions are based on European styles but may have local rules DIRECT CONTROL v. Foreign officials brought in to rule v. No self-rule v. GOAL: assimilation (the process in which a minority group adopts the customs of the prevailing culture) v. Government institutions based only on European styles

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING If you were to imperialize the country of Venezuela would you take a indirect or a direct control approach. Why?

BRITAIN TAKES OVER INDIA • Sepoy – an Indian soldier employed by British East India Company • 1857 Sepoy Mutiny – caste differences and beef/pork fat • The rebellion led to the dissolution of the East India Company in 1858, and forced the British to reorganize the army, the financial system, and the administration in India • India was thereafter directly governed by the Crown in the new British Raj

• 1909 RAJ = RULE

• "New Crowns for Old Ones!" British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli presents Queen Victoria with the title of Empress of India in 1876. Queen felt that such an act would signify her personal relationship with the Indians and the interest she professed to have in their welfare.

QUEEN VICTORIA IN INDIA

INDIA

• An Englishman in India dresses for his day, attended by four servants. Because of the very low income levels of the Indian people, British "colonials" in India could literally live like princes, with many servants attending to their every need.

WHITE MAN’S BURDEN • The belief (or excuse) that the white man had the responsibility to spread his civilization to others • British reforms in India did include a modern system of education (to train Indian civil servants), economic reforms (post/telegraphs, irrigation, railroads, tea plantations), creation of unified state.

AFRICA • Lots of resources! • Very few modern weapons!

RESULTS OF BERLIN CONFEREN CE 1885 Agreed to stop slavery & slave trade in Africa The Berlin Conference 1884 - 1885

AFRICA • 1880, Europeans controlled 10% of Africa; by 1914 controlled all except Liberia & Ethiopia • Belgian Congo • Leopold II established trading stations, signed “treaties” with African chiefs, and claimed land for himself (He was king of Belgium after all…) – Desperate for control of rubber

I M P E R I A LI S M 1914

CHINA 1644 - Qing - China’s final dynasty (also known as the Manchu) Foreign, not considered “Han” Chinese Increased population Poverty Starvation Peasant Uprisings Lack of industrialization – not seen as a need Lack of change/reform Discontent from within, slow to change and those sneaky Europeans find another way to undermine the power of China

OPIUM? When China continues to limit trade with the West, Britain begins to illegally smuggle Opium into China • Millions of addicts dependent on British Opium "Opium Wars" between China and Britain leads to defeats for China. Britain obtains Hong Kong Japan attacks in 1894 and takes Korea, Taiwan and Port Arthur.

The Boxer Rebellion: 1900 The Peaceful Harmonious Fists. Citizens try to rid their country of all foreign influence! Nations (such as England, France and U. S. join together Chinese are defeated – foreign countries now in economic control

� 50 of China’s most prosperous ports were deemed "treaty ports" which meant that they were open to foreign trade and residence. � European nations divided China into spheres of influence � The wishes of the Chinese were ignored. This, understandably, created a great deal of resentment amongst the Chinese.

LAST EMPEROR • The Boxer Rebellion – anti-foreign movement • Hundreds of Europeans killed but European backlash leads to European control of most of China 1911 – Nationalist Chinese forces under Sun-Yat-Sen force the abdication of the last emperor Pu Yi

• Only one port open to trade with outside world (Portuguese only) JAPAN …highly stratified society with samurai class at top and merchants at bottom – • …highly stratified society with samurai class at top and merchants at bottom – both jealous of each other • Agricultural innovation and rising urbanism • Class conflict (and no real need for samurai) 1852 Commodore Matthew Perry forces Japan to open trade with the U. S.

JAPAN • Unlike China, Japan quickly modernized and became an imperial power by late 19 th century • Meiji Restoration, 1867: resulted in series of reforms to compete with the West

WESTERNIZATION OF JAPAN � Meiji Restoration – the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1867 � The Emperor and his ministers (making decisions in his name)(not Shogun) controls a united Japan � Rapid industrialization led by nation (government monopolies created then sold to private companies); railroads, ports, etc � Fascination with western technology, politics, dress, etc � Military build-up and Imperialism � Korea � Taiwan � Manchuria

RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR (1904) • Russia and Japan both had designs on Manchuria and Korea • Japanese concerned about Russian Trans. Siberian Railway across Manchuria • Japan destroyed Russian fleet off coast of Korea and won major battles on land • Westerners horrified that Japan had defeated a major Western power.

OTTOMAN EMPIRE The “Sick Man of Europe” • Rising Nationalism means loss of peripheral territory: Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Balkans, Egypt • “Defensive” modernization efforts – lead to huge debts to industrial countries • Leads to loss of Sultan’s power and rising secularism • Young Ottomans and Young Turks push for more reform and Turkish Nationalism

…A NOTE ABOUT RUSSIA � Absolute monarchy…still. � No legal political parties � No nation-wide elections � Serfs (slaves) not freed until 1861 � Forced industrialization � New middle-class resents royal control � Serfs go from fields to factories (still have no rights) � 13 hr days, living in barracks, ruthless discipline �Marxist socialism sounds very appealing…