Revolution and Nationalism 1900 1939 Chapter 30 C30

Revolution and Nationalism 1900 -1939 (Chapter 30)

C-30 S-1: Revolutions in Russia • Long-term social unrest in Russia erupted in revolution, ushering in the first Communist government • The Communist Party controlled the Soviet Union until the country’s breakup in 1991

Jewish Persecution • Created laws that subject the Jews to prejudice • Jews could not buy land or live among other Russians • Universities set strict quotas for Jews • A wave of pogroms—organized violence and Jews, broke out in many parts of Russian

Alexander III • Had secret police watch secondary schools and universities • Teachers had to send detailed reports on every student • Made Russia the only official language • Made Jews the targets of persecution

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Bolsheviks • Followed the views of Karl Marx • One of the 2 groups of Russian Marxists • Supported a small group of committed revolutionaries willing to sacrifice everything for radical change • Believed that the industrial class of workers would overthrow the czar • They would form a “a dictatorship of the proletariat”

Lenin: major leader of the Bolsheviks Vladimir Ilyich Lenin Владимир Ильич Ленин

Russo-Japanese War • Russia and Japan both competed for power and control of Korea and Manchuria • Though Russian soldiers went confidently to war, the Japanese defeated them. • News of repeated loses sparked unrest at home and led to the revolt in the midst of the war.

Retreat of Russian Soldiers after the Battle of Mukden.

Nicholas II: The last emperor of Russia • Nicholas II and his wife, Alexandra, became rulers of Russia in 1896. As Czar he directed the construction of the Trans-Siberian railroad. The autocratic emperor unwisely took personal charge of the armies during World War I and left domestic affairs to Alexandra and her favorite advisor, Rasputin. Years of popular discontent with policies at home and abroad led to the Russian Revolution, and Nicholas II abdicated on March 15, 1917. He and his entire family were executed by the Bolsheviks in 1918, the last of the royal Romanov line.

Nicholas II with his wife, four daughters and son (1910)

• Grand Duchess Anastasia ca. 1914 • Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia

Rasputin • Self-declared religious leader who seemed to be able to cast a hypnotic spell of people • Was reported to have mysterious powers • Drank poison without dying

Rasputin’s admirers

Rasputin & Czarina Alexandra

Post mortem photograph of Rasputin showing the bullet hole in his forehead

Bolsheviks in Power • Bolsheviks made up of armed factory workers stormed the Winter Palace in Petrograd • The Bolshevik revolution was over in a matter of hours • Bolsheviks are in power • Bolsheviks order that all farmland be distributed among the peasants • Control of factories was given to the workers

Soviets: under Russian provisional government • Local councils in charge of the government consisting of –Workers –Peasants –Soldiers

Lenin Restores Order • New economic policy • Organized Russia into several self-governing republics under the central government • 1922, named the country the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) • Each republic was controlled from the new capital – Moscow • Lenin had established a dictatorship of the Communist Party

C-30 S-2: Totalitarianism Stalinist Russia • After Lenin died, Stalin seized power and transformed the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state • More recent dictators have used Stalin’s tactics for seizing total control over individuals and the state

Totalitarianism • The term totalitarianism describes a government that takes total, centralized state control over every aspect of public and private life. • Joseph Stalin was supreme leader of the Soviet Union from 1929 until 1953.

Stalin’s Five-Year Plans • An industrial revolution • An agricultural revolution

Weapons of Totalitarianism • Police Terror • Great Purge • Indoctrination and Propaganda • Censorship • Religious Persecution

Grigory Zinoviev speaking. Zinoviev, who was executed on Stalin's orders after a show trial, was once one of the most powerful and well-known leaders of the Soviet Communist party.

The first five Marshals of the Soviet Union in November, 1935. (l -r): Mikhail Tukhachevsky, Semyon Budyonny, Voroshilov, Kliment Vasily Blyukher, Aleksandr Yegorov. Only Voroshilov and Budyonny survived the Great Purge

Anti. Christian propaganda poster

Entering Gulag

Blowing up of the Cathedral of Christ Savior, 5 Dec. 1931

Soviet Education

Fact #1 • Pogroms were organized violence against Jews that were allowed by the authorities in Russia.

Fact #2 • Nicholas II was the last czar of Russia who was assassinated along with all of his family members.

Fact #3 • The Bolsheviks were a revolutionary group willing to sacrifice everything for radical change.

Fact #4 • Rasputin was the mysterious advisor to Czarina Alexandra who seemed to have mysterious powers.

Fact #5 • Soviets were local councils consisting of workers, peasants, and soldiers.

Fact #6 • Russia was defeated by Japan in the Russo. Japanese war, showing the weakness of the czar.

Fact #7 • Kulaks were a class of wealthy, landowning peasants

Fact #8 • Lenin was the leader of the Bolsheviks. He was exiled to Western Europe but later returned to rule Russia.

Fact #9 • Lenin named Moscow the new Russian capital.

Fact #10 • A totalitarian government takes total control over the public and private lives of its citizens.

Important Facts • Long-term social unrest in Russia erupted in revolution, ushering in the first Communist government • The Communist Party controlled the Soviet Union until the country’s breakup in 1991

Important Facts • After Lenin died, Stalin seized power and transformed the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state • More recent dictators have used Stalin’s tactics for seizing total control over individuals and the state