REVISION Presented by Dr Nora Hassan Youssef Protoplasm

REVISION Presented by: Dr. / Nora Hassan Youssef

Protoplasm and colloidal nature • Types of solutions • Types of colloids • Properties of colloidal solution • Adsorption and its types • Flocculation of colloids

• Diffusion • Factors affecting on the rate of diffusion • Imbibition • Osmosis • The plant cell act as osmotic system • Plasmolysis and deplasmolysis • Types of membranes

Water relation • Movement of water through the plant • Water absorption • Ascent of sap • Water loss

Water absorption • Active absorption • Passive absorption Ascent of sap • Root pressure • Imbibition • Vital theory • Capillarity • Cohesion and adhesion theory

Water loss • Secretion • Bleeding • Guttation • Transpiration • Types of transpiration

Enzymes • Definition • Chemical Nature of Enzymes • Prosthetic group • Mechanism of enzyme action • Enzyme Nomenclature • Properties of enzymes

• Classification of enzymes • Factors affecting on the rate of enzyme activity • Inhibitors

Plant pigments and Photosynthesis • Plant pigments • chlorophylls • Carotenoids • Metabolism • Photosynthesis • Light reactions ( Hill reactions) • Dark reactions ( Calvin cycle)

Respiration • Definition • Aerobic respiration • Anaerobic respiration

• Mechanism of respiration 1. Glycolysis/Embden-Meyerhof-parnas pathway (EMP pathway) 2. Kreb’s cycle/Citric acid cycle/Tricarboxylic acid cycle 3. Electron transport system (ETS). • Net gain of energy

Carbohydrate metabolism • Definition • Classification of carbohydrates Monosaccharides Disaccharides Oligosaccharides polysaccharides