Revision Booklet One Landscapes of the UK What

Revision Booklet One Landscapes of the UK

What are the distinctive characteristics of the upland UK? Thin soils. Steep slopes. Hard non- weathered igneous rocks. Thin covering of vegetation Often sheep grazing Uneven ground Waterfalls • • What are the distinctive characteristics of the lowland UK? • • • Richer fertile soils Flat land Gentle slope Meanders Arable farming Towns Write down how the characteristics(what things look like) of upland lowland UK are different. Upland UK Lowland UK

Geomorphic processes • Geomorphic processes change the shape of the land. They include Erosion, weathering, mass movement, and transportation. • • Erosion takes place on a river when moving water wears away rock. Erosion happens in four ways. Hydraulic action Abrasion Water is forced into cracks forcing rocks to break apart. Sediment is thrown against a surface by water and causes the sediment to rub and wear away material. Attrition Solution Pebbles hit each other making the rocks break and get smaller and rounder. Rocks are dissolved in water by a chemical reaction. What is meant by a geomorphic process? (1) How does hydraulic action work? (2) How does abrasion work? (2)

Weathering is material that has been broken down by the atmosphere. Weathering tends to be a much slower process than erosion. Freezethaw weathering can take thousands of years. Mechanical weathering Biological weathering Chemical weathering Actions of rain, frost, sun and wind that break down the rocks. Freeze-thaw weathering frequently Actions of living organisms such as plants and animals breaking down rocks. Minerals in the rock reacting with chemicals such as the effects of acid rain. What is weathering (1) How does freeze-thaw weathering work? (3)

Transportation is when a river carries material from one pace to another after material has been eroded. The material carried by a river or the sea , is called its load. The more energy that a river has, then the greater its carrying capacity and the larger its load will be. A river transports its load in four ways. • Traction- Large boulders in the upper course of the river are rolled along the river bed. • Saltation- Smaller particles are bounced of the river bed over one another in a leapfrogging motion. • Suspension- Ninety percent of a river’s load is carried in suspension whereby very fine particles float along in the river current. • Solution- Dissolved rocks such as chalk and limestone are carried by the river. Draw a line from the name of the river transport method to its correct definition. Traction Dissolved rocks such as chalk and limestone are carried by the river. Saltation Large boulders in the upper course of the river are rolled along the river bed. Suspension Solution Ninety percent of a river’s load is carried in suspension whereby very fine particles float along in the river current. Smaller particles are bounced of the river bed over one another in a leapfrogging motion.

The map below is a physical map of the UK Describe the distribution(spread) of high land in the UK (3) What are the main categories of rock and how do they affect landscape of The UK? • Igneous rocks- are very hard rocks such as granite and basalt. They are very old rocks. They are impermeable so often will have rivers on their landscapes. As they are hard they erode and weather very slowly so lead to highlands. • Sedimentary rocks – are much softer than igneous rocks. They include rocks such as chalk and limestone. They form in layers over millions of years from the skeletons of dead sea creatures. They are permeable so will let water through them which means that there landscape is less likely to have rivers. They are soft so erode and weather more quickly than igneous rocks so they lead to lowland areas. Write down some differences between sedimentary and igneous rocks Sedimentary rock Igneous rock

This is a diagram of a river basin. A river basin is all the land that is drained by a river. All rivers have three courses/stages Each course has different landforms and different characteristics. Source Waterfall Meander What is the source of a river? (1) Where does a river end? (1) What is a meander? Mouth Ox bow lake

Bradshaw Model The Bradshaw model is a theoretical model that helps describe the changes we would expect as a river travels from its source regions in its upper course with increasing distance downstream towards its mouth. According to the model river width, depth and velocity increases as a river moves down stream. Watch this video which shows the River Tees from its source to its mouth. Complete the table to see if the River Tees follows the predictions from the Bradshaw Model. Use the terms fast, faster and fastest for velocity, wider and widest for river width and shallow, deep and deepest for river depth Upper Course Channel Width Channel Depth River Velocity Middle Course Lower Course

How has glaciation changed the characteristics of river valleys? Glaciation has happened many times in the UK. Large areas of land are covered by ice sheets or glaciers. This causes dramatic changes in the landscape. Areas which have been most affected by glaciation include The Lake District, The Scottish Highlands and Snowdonia in Central Wales. Diagram A shows a classic river valley before glaciation. Diagram B shows the same river valley after a glacial episode. Accurately annotate the diagrams using the labels below V-shape valley, U-shape valley, steep slopes, gentle slopes, Urban and rural landscapes • A rural landscape is an area which is in the countryside and has few people. • An urban landscape is an area which is in towns ad cities and has lots of people. How do climate and landscapes affect land use in The UK? Upland areas • Sheep and dairy farming happen in upland UK because it is too cold and there are not enough pours of sunshine to grow crops and slopes are too steep to use machinery which arable (crop) farming needs. Lowland areas • This is why arable (crop) farming happens in lowland UK, where there are warmer temperatures and flatter land where machinery can be used. Give a reason why sheep farming happens in upland areas of the UK Give two reasons why arable (crop) farming happens in lowland UK

High Force waterfall This is the highest waterfall in England at 20 M. It has taken many millions of years to form. It was formed when • A band of harder more resistant whinstone was laid down on less resistant (hard) limestone. • Hydraulic action and abrasion undercut the limestone leaving a overhang. • Gravity and freeze-thaw weathering cause the overhang to collapse. • A plunge pool forms as rocks from the waterfall is swirled around at its bottom Watch this video which shows how High Force was formed. Draw a diagram of High Force with the labels below Overhang, whinstone, limestone, plunge pool, hydraulic action, abrasion, freeze, thaw weathering, impact of gravity.

High Force Gorge A gorge is a steep vertical sided valley, which forms when a waterfall retreats. High Force Gorge formed because • A band of harder more resistant whinstone was laid down on less resistant limestone. Hydraulic action and abrasion undercut the limestone leaving a overhang. • Gravity and freeze-thaw weathering cause the overhang to collapse. • This process of waterfall retreat(go backwards) is repeated over millions of years forming a gorge. Watch this video which shows how High Force Gorge formed. High Force Gorge Write down these sentences in the correct order so that they explain how High Force Gorge formed. • • • This process of waterfall retreat(go backwards) is repeated over millions of years forming a gorge. A band of harder more resistant whinstone was laid down on less resistant limestone. Hydraulic action and abrasion undercut the limestone leaving a overhang Gravity and freeze-thaw weathering cause the overhang to collapse

Meander formation Meanders are very common features in the middle/lower course of the River Tees. NEAR Yarm • They are formed when water moves from side to side in the river channel causing erosion and creating loops and curves in the rivers path to the sea. • Greatest erosion happens on the outside of the bend were water is flowing the fastest , so has the most energy and a river cliff is created by the banks being undercut. • On the inside of the bend water is flowing much more slowly so deposition occurs, causing a slip off slope to form. ` What is a meander? (1) What happens on the outside of a meander? (2) What happens on the inside of a meander? (2)

How does an ox-bow lake form? There is an oxbow lake close to the small town of Yarm which is located in the middle course of the Tees. Oxbow lakes are horse shoe shaped lakes which have been cut off from the main river channel. • Erosion(hydraulic action and abrasion) take place on the outside of a river bend. • The neck of the meander becomes narrower as the erosion continues. This is sometimes called a ‘swans neck’ meander • At times of high discharge (flooding) The river breaks through the neck of the meander. • This leaves a crescent shape lake called and oxbow lake. Watch this video which explains how oxbow lakes form in the middle course of the River Tees. Explain how an oxbow lake forms (4) The first sentence has been done to help you. An oxbow lake forms when erosion occurs when hydraulic action and abrasion happen on the outside of a meander.

How does a V-shaped valley form? V-shape valley is found in UPPER TEESSALE • • • As the river erodes vertically down over it leaves behind valley sides that are shaped like a letter V. This is because as it erode vertically (downwards) using hydraulic action and abrasion. It leaves very steep valley sides that are then attacked by weathering processes such as freeze thaw weathering. This weakens the valley sides which may collapse and mass movement happens. This leaves a v-shape valley Watch this video, then answer the question below. Write down all of the key words that are linked to the formation of a V-shape valley. Levee formation[ Levees are found near Darlington on the River Tees. Levees are naturally raised river banks. They are a characteristic of rivers that have experienced repeated flood events. There are numerous levees along the middle course of the River Tees. Especially around the small town of Middleton St George/ Watch this video which explains how levees and flood plains form Levees form. • The river floods and bursts its banks. • Heavier material is deposited closest to the river banks and finer material is carried further. • Repeated floods will raise the height of the river banks. These are called levees. Use Pages 10 -14 and locate these landforms on the River Tees • Waterfall • Gorge • V-shape valley • Meander • Levee

River Tees Landforms • Waterfall-High Force • Gorge-High Force • V-shape valley-Upper Teesdale • Meander- Yarm • Levee- Darlington Geomorphic processes involved in their formation] Hydraulic action, abrasion, freeze-thaw weathering Examine the impact of geomorphic processes on the formation of landforms in your chosen River landscape. (8) USE THE LANDFORMS AND PROCESSES ABOVE TO ANSWER THIS

Impact of Human Activity on The River Tees Basin • Human activity has had a massive impact on the River Tees Basin. The impact of human activity is far greater and far more rapid than natural geomorphic processes. Cow Green Reservoir • Cow Green Reservoir, is a water reservoir 2 miles (3 km) long built between 1967 and 1971 to supply the industries of Teesside in England Negative impacts on the Tees River Basin. • The dam has caused visual pollution. It does not look natural • plants like the Teesdale violet population was greatly reduced. Positive impacts on the Tees River Basin • The reservoir captures so much water that it reduces the risk of flooding in places that are high risk of flood such as Yarm. • Money from tourism can be reinvested back into the area to keep it in good condition as possible. Create a spider diagram which shows the positive and negative impacts that Cow Green Reservoir has had on the Tees River Basin

The Tees Barrage • The Tees Barrage is a flood defence which started construction in 1991 and finished in 1995. It consists of four 8 m moveable gates. • It is located between Middlesbrough and Thornaby-on-Tees. Negative impacts of the barrage on the Tees River Basin • The barrage has raised river levels further upstream which increases the risk of flooding. At place such as Yarm It has increased the rate of erosion upstream as hydraulic action increases as there is more water upstream. Positive impacts of the barrage on the Tees River Basin • The barrage has decreased the risk of flooding down stream. Derelict industrial sites were cleaned up when the barrage was built. • Money from tourism can be used to improve the natural environment of the river basin. • Watch this video which shows the change in flow rate when the barrage gates have just been opened, Create a spider diagram which shows the positive and negative impacts that the Tees Barrage has had on the Tees River Basin

Examine how far human activity has only had a positive impact along a river basin that you have studied (8) Part model answer complete the blanks FOUR MARKS ARE FOR WRITING JUDGEMENT STATEMENTS (IN GREEN FONT) I think that human activity has had both a positive and negative impact on the River Tees(one mark) Write about positives of Cow Green Reservoir Write about the negatives of Cow Green Write about positives of the Tees Barrage Write about negatives of the Tees Barrage Overall I think that the positive impacts of human activity far outweigh the good as the protect people from the harm of flooding(1) Many of the negative effects are unintentional (1)

Coasts Case Study –The Holderness Coast • The Holderness Coast is 61 km long. • It runs from Flam borough Head in the north to Spurn Point in the South. It is the fastest eroding coastline in Europe losing about 1. 5 m per year. T • The major settlements are Withernsea, Hornsea and Bridlington. • The fastest part of the Holderness Coast erodes at approximately 5 m per year, making it the fastest coastline in Europe Create a fact file which gives some key facts about the Holderness Coast using the information and maps above

Coastal erosion • Hydraulic action -Air may become trapped in joints and cracks on a cliff face. When a wave breaks, the trapped air is compressed which weakens the cliff and causes erosion. • Corrasion is when waves pick up beach material (e. g. pebbles) and hurl them at the base of a cliff. This is one of the most powerful forms of erosion at Holderness, because the cliffs are made of boulder clay and are eroded easily. • Attrition. Waves smash rocks and pebbles on the shore into each other, and they break and become smoother. • Solution. Acids contained in sea water will dissolve some types of rock such as chalk or limestone. What two rocks are the cliffs at Holderness made of? (2) How does corrasion How does hydraulic action erode the cliffs along the Holderness Coast? (2) Name one type of weathering that occurs on the cliffs along the Holderness Coast

Landforms found at The Holderness Coast Sea Stack Flamborough Head Bay- Bridlington Bay Beaches Coastal Spit Spurn Head Locate the following coastal landforms that are found along the Holderness Coast Spit Stack Beach Headland/bay How do headlands and bays form? . • • • Flamborough Head Bridlington Bay Explain how a bay formed (3) Bridlington Bay formed because there are two types of rock there which have different levels of hardness. The softer boulder clay is eroded more quickly by hydraulic action and corrosion. This forms a bay. The chalk is harder and erodes more slowly causing a headland to form.

Crack , cave arch stack, -Flamborough Head Here is an image showing Flamborough Head and the coastal stack. The stack is made from chalk • Stage 1 – The sea uses hydraulic action and abrasion to attack the weak spots(joints) in the headland. This causes cracks to form. • Stage 2 – erosion continues the cracks widen and deepen to forma sea cave. Freeze-thaw weathering will speed up this process. • Stage 3 - If two caves are on either side of the headland. Then, the sea will break through forming a sea arch. • Stage 4 -Over time further weathering and gravity will cause the roof of the arch to collapse, leaving a sea stack. Watch this video which shows how sea stacks form Complete the boxes so they explain how a costal stack is formed B A C D

Transportation at The Holderness Coast The sea transports material in the exact same way that rivers do. • Solution Rocks are dissolved in sea water and carried in solution. The load is not visible. Load can come from cliffs made from chalk or limestone, and calcium carbonate is carried along in solution. • Suspension Small particles are carried in water, e. g. silts and clays, which can make the water look cloudy. • Saltation Load is bounced along the sea bed, e. g. small pieces of shingle or large sand grains. • Traction Pebbles and larger sediment are rolled along the sea bed. Explain how the sea moves material using traction (1) What is attrition? (1) How does saltation work? (1) How does material get moved by longshore drift? Longshore drift is when sediment is moved (transported) up and down the beach in a zig zag pattern. • The swash is the movement of water up the beach at a 45° angle. • The backwash is the movement of waves down the beach at a 90° angle. • The direction of movement of material depends on the direction of the prevailing (most common) wind. . Watch the first part of this video which explains how longshore drift works • Explain how longshore drift moves material along the UK coastline(3) Include how material is moved (swash, backwash ) also mention prevailing wind

How do coastal spits form? A spit forms under very certain conditions. • The coastline changes direction but longshore drift carries on depositing material. • The spit begins to build up • The spit will usually be hooked or curved at the end because of winds blowing from another direction • Salt marshes will usually form behind the spit. Watch this video which explains how spits form. Use the information above to explain how Spurn Head formed How do beaches form? Beaches are the most common feature found on UK coastlines. • They form when material is eroded from one place and deposited in another. • They are formed by constructive waves. • The swash of these waves is stronger than the backwash so they deposit material leading to the formation of a beach. This video shows how a beach forms. Put these bullet points in order, so that they explain how a beach forms. The first bullet point is in the correct order. • Beaches form when destructive waves erode soft rocks • Constructive waves deposit material which gradually builds up a beach • Longshore drift transports material along the coastline

River Tees Landforms • Geomorphic processes involved in their formation] Hydraulic action, corrasion, freeze-thaw weathering • Bay/headland – Bridlington • Stack- Flamborough Head • Spit –Spurn Head • Beach-all along the Holderness Coast Examine the impact of geomorphic processes on the formation of landforms in your chosen coastal landscape. (8) USE THE LANDFORMS AND PROCESSES ABOVE TO ANSWER THIS

Impact of coastal management at the Holderness Coast. Positive effects of coastal management • The rock groyne and rock armour have prevented this village and the MAIN ROAD from falling into the sea. • Sea walls at Hornsea and Withernsea have reduced the rate of erosion at these places. . Negative affects of coastal management • Groynes , sea walls and rock armour have a negative effect on the coastline as they look unnatural and cause visual pollution. • The rock groyne at Mappleton has lead to beach starvation at locations south of it which has rapidly speeded up the rate of erosion at the villages of Aldbrough and East Newton Watch this video which shows the effects of erosion at Cliff Top Farm and how the farmer believes that erosion at his farm is speeded up by the rock groyne at Mappleton. Populate the spider diagram below with the positive and negative impacts of coastal management at Holderness. Impact of coastal management at the Holderness coast

Examine how far human activity has only had a positive impact along a river basin that you have studied (8) Part model answer complete the blanks FOUR MARKS ARE FOR WRITING JUDGEMENT STATEMENTS (IN GREEN FONT) I think that human activity has had both a positive and negative impact on the Holderness Coast(one mark) Write about positives of the rock groyne at Mappleton Write about the negatives of the rock groyne at Mappleton Write about positives of the tourism at Bridlington/Witherensea Write about negatives of tourism at Bridlington and Witherensea Overall I think that the positive impacts of human activity far outweigh the good as the protect people from the harm of flooding(1) Many of the negative effects are unintentional such as the rock groyne at Mappleton causing erosion further up the coast. (1)

Impacts of tourism along the Holderness Coast • The main tourist locations along the Holderness Coast are Bridlington and Withernsea. • There are many caravan parks Advantages of tourism • Tourism brought £ 24 million pounds of income into the area in 2019. • It creates jobs • Without tourism the area would suffer financial hardship Disadvantages of tourism ARE UNINTENTIONAL • Pollution from traffic and traffic jams • Litter • Increased crime rates

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages the human activity has had along the Holderness Coast (6)