REVISION 2 BTO Conson y ies study studies

REVISION 2º BTO

Conson + y = – ies (study- studies) O = es (go – goes) S, x, ch, sh = es (watch- watches/ mix-mixes) he/ she / it : -s -es (plays, goes) We study English My sister watches TV Don`t We don´t study + verb Doesn´t She doesn´t study Present simple + ? A+S+V? Do you study ? Does she study? Am V-ing Is Are v. V monosilábicos q terminan en 1 vocal + 1 cons. , doblan cons. Run—running swim—swimming v. V de dos sílabas y acento en la 2ª, doblan consonante Begin—beginning v. Verbos que acaban en l , doblan l Travel—travelling v. Verbos que acaban en -ie , cambia a y + ing Die—dying Study- studying A+S+V? Play-playing + present continuous + - ? I am studying you are studying he is studying I am not studying You aren´t studying He isn´t studying Am I studying? Are you studying? Is he studying?

Present simple The simple present is used for two main types of action: Habits actions which happen regularly o on Sundays o Frequency Adverbs : -always, usually, often – o every day, every week, Once a month, etc. States Things which do not often change ( opinions, conditions, etc) present continuous The present continuous tense is used for two main types of action: § A temporary action happening now : Something which is going on right now (but it will stop in the future) Algo que está ocurriendo ahora pero parará en el futuro) § A definite plan for the future : Something we intend to do, usually in the near future. Algo que tenemos la intención de hacer en un futuro cercano

Non-continuous verbs / Stative verbs There are some verbs that you don't usually use in the continuous form, just as in Spanish. Generally speaking they're verbs that describe states and not actions, such as these: verbs describing thought processes and opinions: think, believe, remember, know, forget, agree, disagree… verbs describing emotions: want, like, love, hate, adore, detest… verbs describing the senses: see, hear, taste, feel, smell… This doesn't mean that it's impossible to use these verbs in the continuous. It just means that it's unusual and would probably be very specific in a particular situation.

Frequency adverbs and time expressions At the end of the sentence How often. . ? ØAlways ØUsually ØOften I do yoga twice a week v. Every day v. Once a day / week / month. . ØSometimes v. Twice a day / week / month. . ØHardly ever v. Three times a day / week / month. . ØNever Before the verb After to be v. Twelve times a day / week / month. . She often plays golf They are always hungry

Past Simple + Suj + 2 nd col - Suj + didn´t + verb ? ♦ Monosyllabic ending in 1 vowel+1 conson, double conson Stop—stopped ♦ 2 syllables & stress in the 2 nd, double consonant Permit—permitted ♦ V ending in conson + y i + ed Study—studied Vowel + y + ed play - played V+ -ed I played I sang I didn´t play I didn´t sing Did+ Suj + verb ? A+S+V ? Did you play? Did you sing? TIME EXPRESSIONS Yesterday last week/year 2 days ago In 2002 in the 80 s when then Use v Past and finished actions. We visited the museum last week v A series of completed actions in the past When I opened the door, the dog barked at the postman. v Past states. The old lady lived in this house in 1887

Past Continuous + ? Was Were + V-ing Was Were Rem emb er I , He , She , It Was/ wasn´t + V-ing I was playing You, we, they You were singing Wasn´t + I wasn´t playing Suj + V-ing Weren´t You weren´t singing Were/weren´t Was + Suj + V-ing Was I playing? Were you singing? A+S+V ? Suj + Time expressions: While , as , last night / week , at 3 o´clock

Usos : 1. Para decir lo que estaba ocurriendo en un momento concreto del pasado (no algo puntual, sino algo en proceso). La acción comenzó antes de dicho momento y seguramente continuó después. Fíjate que suelen expresar acciones largas. I was studying all day yesterday Parece q la acción d estudiar fue algo muy largo I studied all day yesterday Solamente informas, no quieres dar la idea de cuánto tiempo pasaste estudiando 2. Para 2 acciones que estuvieron ocurriendo al mismo tiempo. While you were reading the newspaper, I was doing my homework 3. Para la mas larga de las acciones, que suele ser interrumpida x una mas breve. I was walking by the street when it began to rain.

Present perfect + ? Have Has + V-ed 3ª col I have worked She has written I haven´t worked She hasn´t written Have you worked? Has she written ? A+S+V ? Time expressions Ever , never , yet , just , Already , lately , how long. . ? For , since , in recent years

TIME EXPRESSIONS • EVER : (Interrogativas)(“alguna vez”) Entre el auxiliar y el verbo. Have you ever been to London? • NEVER : (“Nunca”) Siempre con el verbo afirmativa. I have never seen a class like this. • FOR : Indica un periodo de tiempo, cuánto ha durado una acción. (durante-desde hace) I´ve known him for twenty years. (Le conozco desde hace 20 años) § DURING: + noun. Indica cuando ocurrió algo (not how long) during our holiday during the summer during the night • SINCE : Indica el momento o circunstancia concreta en que comenzó la acción. I´ve known her since 1994. (La conozco desde 1994) • JUST : Indica que la acción acaba de concluir. Va entre el auxiliar y el verbo. Have + just + Past Participle = “acabar de + infinitivo” I´ve just washed my hair ( Me acabo de lavar el pelo). • ALREADY : Va con oraciones afirmativas e interrogativas. (Entre el auxiliar y el verbo). ( “ Ya” ) I´ve already seen that film ( Ya he visto esa película) Have you already washed the dishes? (¿Ya has lavado los platos? ) • YET : Va con oraciones negativas e interrogativas. ( Al final de la frase) Negativas. (aún, todavía). I haven´t found it yet. (Aún no lo he encontrado) Interrogativas (“ya”) Has the doctor come yet? (¿Ha venido ya el médico? )

s o s u q Para hablar de experiencias y hechos pasados que han ocurrido a lo largo del tiempo sin especificar el momento. I have eaten Chinese food many times q Para hablar de acciones que aún continúan aunque empezaron tiempo atrás. (Suele llevar “for” y “since” ). Las preguntas se hacen con “How long. . ? ” I´ve lived here for five years todavía vivo aquí) ( Vivo aquí desde hace 5 años- q Para acciones que ocurrieron en un momento indeterminado del pasado y cuyo resultado podemos ver. We´ve painted the kitchen q Expresar que una acción acaba de ocurrir. Entonces añadimos “just” entre el aux. y el verbo The team has just scored a goal

CONTRASTE PAST SIMPLE / PRESENT PERFECT ØPast Simple: acciones que ocurrieron en un momento concreto del pasado. When did Sam go to India? Last June ØPresent Perfect: experiencias que han ocurrido en algún momento indeterminado. Sam has been to India. ØPast Simple: acciones completamente acabadas. I lived in India in 1992. ØPresent Perfect: acciones que comenzaron en el pasado pero que continúan en el presente. I´ve lived in India since 1992. ØPast Simple: se acompaña de expresiones de tiempo pasado yesterday, 2 years ago. ØPresent Perfect: se acompaña con ever, never, yet, already….

Present perfect continuous + Present perfect of “to be” I haven´t been working She hasn´t been studying ? Have you been working ? Has she been studying ? + V-ing ( llevar + gerundio) Time expressions I have been working She has been studying - Have been Has been For a year , since 2002 , how long. . ? All day / night / week … Use ü An action that started in the past and which still continues in the present. Or has recently stopped. (Como todos los contínuos resalta el tiempo que está durando la acción) You´re out of breath. Have you been running? She has been working here for 2 years ü Actions repeated over a period of time. She´s been playing tennis since she was 8 ü An action whose results are still apparent. I´m still tired. . I have been studying all night

Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous Period of time: I´ve been washing the car. I´m rather wet Completed action: I´ve washed the car. It looks a lot cleaner now The CONTINUOUS here focuses on the action going on The SIMPLE focuses on the result of the action Continuous : For an activity that is still happening. How long ? How long have you been reading that book? Simple : Completed actions. How much? How many times? How many pages of the book have you read? Mary is still writing letters. She´s been writing letters all day Mary has written letters today. • Non-continuous verbs: like, know, believe, etc. Not normally used in CONT Live & work : we use either CONTINUOUS or SIMPLE John has been living/has lived in London for a long time With “always” we use the SIMPLE. John has always lived in London

Past t c e f r e p + - Had + V-ed 3ª col I had worked Had you worked ? Tim er , t f a , time e h t y , b y d just a e , r r Al e nev , l i t n , U Before By + a time an = no later th is (I´ll have fin hed y 11: 30 b k r o w y m hed an 11: 30) I´ll have finis h t r e t la o n it I hadn´t worked ? s n o i s s e e expr Use A completed action which took place before another action in the past By the time we arrived at the cinema, the film had already started Past Perfect Past Present Future

t c e f r e p t s a P s u o u n i t n co + I had been - I hadn´t been ? Had you been ? Past perfect of “to be” had been + V-ing (llevaba + gerundio) Time expressions For hours , since last year All morning , when , until , before Use Para hablar de una acción prolongada que ocurrió en el pasado antes que otra acción breve también pasada. Suelen ir unidas por una expresión de tiempo de las del cuadro, o “although” , “because”. We had been driving for 5 hours when we ran out of petrol.

Future q TO BE GOING TO + INFINITIVO ( Futuro de intención) • Para hablar de nuestras intenciones, planes cercanos, o preguntar a otros lo que han pensado hacer en un futuro próximo. Next week I´m going to celebrate my birthday. • Para hacer predicciones basadas en una evidencia en el momento en que hablamos. Listen to the wind. It´s going to be a storm. q FUTURE SIMPLE will + inf • Para expresar decisiones espontáneas en el momento en que hablamos (ofrecimientos, peticiones, promesas, advertencias, amenazas. . ) I think you´ll learn this very quickly The window is open. Don´t worry I´ll close it • Para hacer predicciones basadas en nuestra opinión. He won´t come.

FUTURE + ? S U O U N CONTI Future de “to be” + V-ing s n o i s s e r p Time ex ime next… t s i h t t a e, At this tim cade e d t x e n e y , in th a d s r u h T On I will be studying I won´t be studying Will you be studying ? An action in progress at a certain time in the future Use FUTURE perfect + ? I will have studied I won´t have studied Will you have studied? At this time next year, I will be studying Law in Madrid V-ed Future de “have” + 3ª col Use Time By this time next week, expressions by 10 o´clock…, In three months A completed action at a certain time in the future. By the end of June, we will have finished our exams

Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use a present, past or future tense. will help 1. When you get home from the shop, I …………… (help) you carry in the bags. will be speaking (speak) French very well. 2. By the end of the school year, I …………… Did pay 3. …………… you …………… (pay) the water bill yesterday? don’t usually eat 4. We …………… (not usually eat) a big meal in the evening. was reaching 5. While he …………… knocked it over. 6. Next week, Emma 7. Today, our teacher London. (reach) for his cup of coffee, he accidentally is going to visit / is visiting …………… (visit) me. is taking / …………… is going to take (take) us to the British Museum in

Reported speech

El estilo indirecto (reported speech) se usa para contar lo sin citar exactamente sus palabras. Podemos contar en presente lo que alguien acaba de de Con quitar las comillas y cambiar el pronombre sujeto y “ I am tired” He says that he is tired Pero lo normal es que el verbo que introduce la subordin (say o tell, normalmente) vaya en pasado, y entonces el es que el verbo de la subordinada da un salto atrás ( de Past simple, de éste a past perfect, etc) “I like noodles” He said that he liked noodles

Además de suprimir las comillas y cambiar los tiempos es necesario que hagamos algunos cambios en los pron las expresiones de tiempo y de lugar. La oración subordinada va introducida por “ that” , aunq se suele omitir. Cuando la frase enuncia una verdad general no hay cam verbales. “Crime is punished by the law”, she said She said that crime is punished by the law

Cambios en los tiempos verbales Tense Present simple Direct Speech “He works as an editor” Tense Indirect Speech Past simple He said that he worked as an editor Present continuous “He is working as an editor” Past continuous He said that he was working as an editor Past simple “He worked as an editor” Past perfect He said that he had worked as an editor Past continuous “He was working as an editor” Past perfect continuous He said that he had been working as an editor Present perfect simple “He has worked as an editor” Past perfect He said that he had worked as an editor Present perfect continuous “He has been working as an editor” Present perfect continuous He said that he had been working as an editor Past perfect simple “He had worked as an editor” Past perfect simple He said that he had worked as an editor Past perfect continuous “He had been working as an editor” Past perfect continuous He said that he had been working as an editor Future simple “He will work as an editor” Would + infin. He said that he would work as an editor

Cambios en los modales Can Could May Might Must / have to Must / had to Will Would Cambios en otras palabras Now Then Today That day Tonight That night Yesterday The previous day / the day before Last week The previous week / the week before A month ago The previous month / the month before Tomorrow The following day / the next day / the day after Next week The following week / the week after Here This That These Those

Reported questions Hay dos tipos de preguntas: Ø LAS YES / NO QUESTIONS son las que se contestan con un “si” o un “no”. para ponerlas en estilo indirecto utilizamos el verbo ask, y a continuación if o whether. Entonces la pregunta deja de serlo y se convierte en una frase afirmativa, ya no hay inversión sujeto-verbo(A+S+V), ni signo de interrogación, ni comillas. “Did you speak to John last night? ” She asked aux suj verb She asked if / whether I had spoken to John the last night

Ø LAS WH-QUESTIONS son las que empiezan por una palabra interrogativa (Wh- word) Al pasarlas al estilo indirecto ponemos dicha palabra (wh-) y luego el sujeto + verbo. ►Who told you that story? She asked Sujeto → no aux She asked who had told us that story suj Who are you writing to? She asked who I was writing to ► Where did you go last summer? He asked me where I had gone the previous summer suj

Reported orders Para poner una orden en estilo indirecto cambiamos el imperativo por un infinitivo con to. Pero antes del infinitivo debemos poner un verbo que exprese mandato, como Tell u order , seguido del complemento indirecto. “Stop driving so fast”. My mother ordered me to stop driving so fast. Si la oración es negativa , ponemos not delante de to. “Don´t tell anybody” He begged me not to tell anybody Hay otros verbos que siguen esta estructura aunque no expresen orden Suj+reporting verb+(not) + to infinitive Agree Offer Promise Refuse Threaten Suj+ reporting verb+ obj. Ind + (not) + to infinitive He promised not to tell anyone Advise He begged her to sing it again Ask She advised them to study Invite harder Order Recommend Remind Warn Beg

Reported suggestions Las sugerencias se suelen expresar… Ø Let´s go to the cinema Ø Why don´t we go to the cinema? Ø Shall we go to the cinema? Para pasar una sugerencia a estilo indirecto pondremos el sujeto + suggested. Tiene dos construcciones: v usando una oración introducida por that. “Let´s watch the news” Tom suggested that we (should) watch the news v Usando el gerundio, sin especificar ningún sujeto. “ Let´s phone the police inmediately” He suggested phoning the police inmediately “Let´s not argue again”, the teacher said Suj+reporting verb+(not)+ V ing Suggest Apologize for Deny Recommend The teacher suggested not arguing again The teacher suggested that they(should) not argue again