REVISING PAPER 1 THE EXAM answer Paper 1

REVISING PAPER 1

THE EXAM -answer Paper 1 (70 marks) all questions Paper 2 (70 marks) Section A (4 Questions) Section A (2 questions) • News (and news websites but this will nit be directly in the mock – you can refer to them) Media Industries There will also be a question on theory Section B (2 questions) • Advertising (Unseen analysis) • Music video (Set texts) • Film Industry -Jungle Book(s) • Radio – BBC Section B (2 questions) Long Form TV Drama There will also be a question on theory

MARKS AND TIMINGS FOR PAPER 1 (2 HOURS) Marks Timing Section A Annotating Unseen Newspapers 10 mins Question 1 10 15 mins Question 2 15 22 mins Question 3 10 15 mins Question 4 10 15 mins Section B Annotating Unseen (advert) 5 mins Question 5 10 15 mins Question 6 15 22 mins (119 mins)

FORMAT OF QUESTIONS The questions might ask you to do 1 of 3 things (question 2 asks for all 3) • Analyse – examine (something) methodically and in detail, typically in order to explain and interpret it • Explain – make something clear by describing it in detail • Make judgements (evaluate)

CONTEXTS A question might ask you to refer to contexts (not question 1 or 4 but any of the others). The context might well be obvious and should naturally be included in your answer (eg Historical - How have newspaper audiences declined ? (also economic) Political – Can a newspapers be aligned to a particular political party (also social) BUT Just make it clear that you are now writing the context ‘bit’. Hopefully you know the 5 contexts (they are the same for all 3 exam boards) • Economic • Political • Historical • Social • Cultural

THE EXAM – SECTION A NEWS The four questions will be as follows: Q 1 10 marks This question will ask you to analyse the media language or the representations in two sources. The sources will be extracts from different genres of online or print newspapers and may include one of the set products. There might be a theory reference This short essay should take about 15 minutes to plan and write. Q 2 15 marks This will be a complex question including a number of bullet points asking you to: ● Show knowledge and understanding of theoretical framework as it applies to news ● Analyse the two sources provided, probably in terms of media language or representation (this might entail comparing the two) ● Make judgements and draw conclusions. ● This extended essay should take about 22 minutes to plan and write. Q 3 10 marks This question asks you to show knowledge and understanding of the influence of media contexts on print and / or online news, including your set products. The question should point you to the contexts (historical, economic, cultural, social – decline of print/ growth of online: political – ownership, regulation). This short essay should take about 15 minutes to plan and write. Q 4 10 marks This question asks you to evaluate an academic theory in relation to news- how useful is it in understanding news? You will be given a choice between two theories. This short essay should take about 15 minutes to plan and write.

QUESTIONS 1 AND 2 You will be given two sources to analyse in the exam. The sources may be extracts from print newspapers, from newspaper websites, or from newspaper social media feeds such as Twitter, Instagram or Facebook. ● ● One will be an extract from a quality newspaper One will be an extract from a popular newspaper The two sources cannot be both of the two set products; The Daily Mail and The Guardian. At least one source will be a newspaper you have not studied in depth (like the ‘i’ for instance !!!)

QUESTIONS 1 AND 2 CONTINUED • Question 1 will ask for analysis of either media language or representation, with representation being by far the most likely. Because ……. • Question 2 can also be about either media language or representation and for this question media language is by far the most likely. This is because the question is about newspapers (and news websites) as media forms (what is typical either about the layout, language, colours, images OR representations). You will be asked to analyse, explain and make judgements. For this question you will be expected to focus on the Unseen texts but can make references to newspapers you have studied.

MEDIA LANGUAGE: DO YOU KNOW THE CONVENTIONS ? In the example I have emailed you, identify: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. The masthead The skyline A byline A standfirst Colours Columns Headline Caption Language: informal, mode of address An example of the house style: of the news brand

Masthead Skyline Colours red at op to remind us of ‘red-top tabloids although the Mail is a middlebrow. Images in colour. Informal language Headline (sibilance) Byline Standfirst House Style – news brand Anxiety about crime, especially that of black urban youth. . Concern about health in skyline. Caption 4 columns

THEORY AND QUESTIONS 1 AND 2 There is very likely to be a theory reference in these 2 questions. These are very likely to be about Media Language and Representation as this is what these 2 questions are about. However, it should be obvious and framed by the question (like gender representations or how typical of the Genre - Neale) and you are meant to show an understanding rather than any in-depth discussion. There are only 10/15 marks available for these questions. And quite often even if you don’t know theory, the question will point you in the right direction. So don’t be anxious about this.

NEWSPAPERS: MEDIA LANGUAGE THEORIES ● ● ● Barthes: signifier and signified; denotation and connotation; anchorage; myth (ideological meaning) Todorov: narrative equilibrium / disequilibrium and narrative disruption Levi Strauss: binary oppositions Baudrillard: hyper-reality and simulacra (fake news? ) Neale: genre as repetition and a shared code that changes over time

ANALYSE THIS: MEDIA LANGUAGE ● ● ● Layout conventions Language Typography Colour House Style Theories: Barthes, Todorov, Levi. Strauss, Baudrillard, Neale https: //www. dailymail. co. uk/news/article-6775041/Knife-thug-18 receives-suspended-jail-term-admitting-blade-offence. html

DO YOU KNOW ABOUT NEWS VALUES ? (GALTUNG & RUGE) You don’t need these at all but they can help in a wider discussion of the representations found in newspapers. Dictates form and conventions as well as content. Galtung and Ruge (1981) ● ● ● ● Frequency Proximity (includes cultural proximity / “otherness”- see Gilroy) Negativity Predictability Continuity and narrative (see Levi-Strauss and Todorov) Composition Personalisation

REPRESENTATION AND THE OCR EXAM OCR has the understanding that the following representations being significant: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Gender Ethnicity Class Age Ability/Disability

NEWSPAPERS: REPRESENTATION THEORIES ● ● ● Hall Van Zoonen Butler Gilroy hooks Gauntlett What representations are these theories connected with ?

NEWSPAPERS: REPRESENTATION THEORIES ● Hall – any representation. Believes meaning is not fixed but arises out of/reflects a reader’s ideology (cage of ideology). Similar to his audience theory ● Van Zoonen – we live in a patriarchal culture. Gender is also ‘what we do’ rather than ‘what we are’. ● Butler –Gender is created by how we perform out gender roles. Similar to Van Zoonen but also interested in those who do not conform to heterosexual norms (Gender trouble). ● Gilroy –postcolonial ethnicity. Black representation often criminalised or inferior. ● Hooks – part of intersectionality theory. White, heterosexual, rich, male representations combine to dominate. Needs an oppositional gaze in gender, class, ethnicity to counter dominant representations. Because this theory is complicated, it is unlikely to come up with newspapers. ● Gauntlett - modern identity is complicated (and contradictory). Generally concerned with Tintertnet. Unlikely to come up with newspapers. Could be any representation but is also part of self-identity so therefore likely to be online.

MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS The Guardian world view/ politics *Independent Scott Trust: liberal, progressive *Reader funding model *Shirky’s ideas about audience apply to the interactive nature of social and www. theguardian. com and “below the line” UGC commentary / shares on social media Katherine Viner, editor-in-chief, The Guardian [extracted from www. guardian. com ]:

MEDIA REPRESENTATIONS The Daily Mail world view/politics: The Mail supports a free market economy, and British traditions such as the royal family, the church and the army. They are sceptical of the European union but recently have supported Theresa May over her approach to Brexit). Owned by DMG, a media oligopoly. *Populism is favoured over in- depth debate / comment pieces *Link to Curran and Seaton’s theory: The Daily Mail follows the capitalist pattern of increasing concentration of ownership in fewer hands. This leads to a narrowing of the range of opinions represented and a pursuit of profit at the expense of quality or creativity. News is still controlled by powerful news organisations, who have successfully defended their oligarchy.

DECONSTRUCTING IDEOLOGIES Which theories of representation might be appropriate here ? *Patriarchy: Van Zoonen, Butler, hooks https: //www. dailymail. co. uk/femail/article 6603313/Serena-wears-green-lycra-bodysuit. Australian-Open. html

Compare these 2 front pages – what theories might these be about ? *Multi-culturalism, difference and “othering”: Gilroy and hooks *Stereotype / archetype / myth: Barthes, Levi-Strauss *you would not get 2 tabloids to analyse in the exam

QUESTIONS 1 AND 2 PRACTICE Sourc e. A Sourc e. B

QUESTION 1 Q 1. Analyse the different representations of gender, social class and / or ethnicity in Sources A and B. Apply one appropriate theory of representation in your answer. [10 marks]

QUESTION 2 Q 2. Sources A and B cover the same news event but are from two different newspapers. How far has the combination of elements of media language influenced meaning in the sources? In your answer you must: • explain how the combination of elements of media language influences meaning in newspapers • analyse how media language has been used to construct meaning in the sources • make judgements and reach conclusions about how far the combination of elements of media language has influenced meaning in the sources. [15 marks]

SUGGESTED STRUCTURE / FRAME FOR Q 1 ● ● ● Outline / introduce the story being covered (Meghan marrying Harry, and their respective families) Introduce one of theories of representation State which aspect/s of representation you plan to isolate (gender / social class / ethnicity) Compare main images in both pages – who are they, how are the re-presented. Discuss shot type, setting, background, cropping. Tie in theory Compare headlines in both papers – does the language used effect the representation. Look at other pieces of writing – bylines, captions, sub-headings. Do they re-enforce representation or contradict it. Tie in theory from the question Compare other features of front pages – masthead. Layout, use of colour, skylines etc. Do they have impact on representation ? Tie in theory from the question. Conclude by referring back to the question- how far does theory demonstrate representation of gender / social class / ethnicity 10 marks = roughly 15 minutes. Practice for timing so you know how much you can write!

SUGGESTED STRUCTURE / FRAME FOR Q 2 ● ● ● Introduce The Sun / The Times and how they differ / are similar (tabloid/broadsheet). Consider genre (popular / quality), ownership, politics / world view/ ideology of the papers, audience Compare tabloid and broadsheet news values. Tabloid liable to go for attention grabbing and exaggeration. Use of colour. Broadsheet more formal – current affairs and even international news. More words, less visual Compare layout in both tabloid and broadsheet – size of pictures, how many stories, mastheads, skylines etc. Be clear whethere are differences Compare of images on front pages of both tabloid and broadsheet. Does tabloid make the image feel more personal – is it closer to main character, is the message clearer? Is the broadsheet a more carefully composed/edited shot ? Compare the use of language of both tabloid and broadsheet. Does tabloid use more slang, jokey, straight to the point whereas the broadsheet is more serious, more polysyllabic and probably uses sub-headings and more written language on its front page ? Say whether you think there is a difference in media language between a tabloid and broadsheet. 15 marks= roughly 22 minutes. Practice for timing so you know how much you can write!

QUESTION 3: CONTEXTS, OWNERSHIP, REGULATION In this question you will be asked to refer to your set products: The Guardian/ The ‘i’ and The Daily Mail. You might touch on ownership, audiences and contexts (social, cultural, political, economic, historical). You might have a question on regulation. So this question could include the following: News is shaped by how it is produced, distributed and circulated (historical, social, economic and cultural) ● Digitally convergent media has been a key factor in change /development (historical, social, economic and cultural) These first 2 points are very similar ● Ownership and funding structures affect the news (historical, political, social, economic and perhaps cultural) ● How news has come to regulated in 2019 (historical, political, social and perhaps cultural) ●

DISTRIBUTION AND CIRCULATION 1. How much have newspapers sales declined between 2007 and 2017 ? From 11. 2 million copies sold a day to 6. 1 million – almost 50% 2. What is the circulation of The Daily Mail? What is the circulation of The Guardian ? What is the circulation of The ‘i’ ? Daily Mail - 2 million The Guardian - 134, 500 The ‘i’ – 230, 000 2. How many adults owned a smart phone in 2007? 0% 3. How many adults owned a smart phone in 2017 ? 76% 4. In 2007, 20% of adults used the internet for online news – in 2017 64% did. 5. In 2007 27% of adults used newspapers as their main source of news, in 2017 9% did so. What can newspapers attempt to do about these figures ?

DIGITAL CONVERGENCE • How did most people receive news in 2014 ? • How did they in 2017 ? • Any other interesting trends ?

CIRCULATING NEWS In the first chart what are the 2 most popular ways to receive news. Did you think social media apps would be more popular ? #

OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL OF NEWS: PRESS BARONS INCLUDE. . . *News Corp (parent company 21 st century Fox): The Times, The Sun, Murdoch, oligopoly. *DMG: another oligopoly (Lord Rothermere). Press barons need to be seen in light of changes due to Leveson. These include tighter regulation of the newspaper industry including establishing IPSO

OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL OF THE NEWS: *The Guardian and the Scott Trust (est. 1936). The trust appoints an editor, but otherwise does not interfere. News free from economic / political interference, with a liberal agenda. Has developed a new model of funding where readers subscribe to have different access to the website – over 1 million have done so and The Guardian hopes to be self-sufficient. *The majority of UK newspapers are right wing and owned by global conglomerates / press barons. Thus… *Media plurality (having a range of voices) remains a key issue, and is framed in the context of a free press. How truly free is the press when it is owned by a small number of (upper / middle class) barons with similar worldviews? Which links closely to….

CURRAN AND SEATON’S IDEA “Power Without Responsibility”- The title of their famous book points out that patterns of ownership and control are the most significant factors in how the media operate. Media industries follow the normal capitalist pattern of increasing concentration of ownership in fewer and fewer hands. This leads to a narrowing of the range of opinions represented and a pursuit of profit at the expense of quality or creativity. The internet does not represent a rupture with the past in that it does not offer a level playing field for diverse voices to be heard. It is constrained by nationalism and state censorship. News is still controlled by powerful news organisations, who have successfully defended their oligarchy. The growth of online news on site could be seen as a challenge to this academic idea – but are online news sites part of the new ‘techno-oploy’ ?

HESMONDALGH’S IDEA AGREES TO A DEGREE Cultural Industries follow the normal capitalist pattern of increasing concentration and integration – cultural production is owned and controlled by a few conglomerates who vertically integrate across a range of media to reduce risk. Risk is particularly high in the cultural industries because of the difficulty in predicting success, high production costs, low reproduction costs and the fact that media products are ‘public goods’ – they are not destroyed on consumption but can be further reproduced. Online news can be seen as both re-inforcing and challenging this idea

REGULATION ● ● ● ● Following several disturbing cases like that of Mille Dowler and Chris Jeffries, Lord Leveson started an inquiry into the relationship between the police, the press and political parties. Up until then, newspapers had regulated themselves. In 2014 when reporting back, Leveson recommended a new form of regulation that was controlled by law. However some newspapers had legitimate concerns that government politicians would use this to mask mis-deeds. The government recommended a new regulatory body called IMPRESS that would have the power to impose very large fines. However , the newspapers didn’t like this and have not been forced to join. Instead they formed IPSO, another voluntary body which every national newspaper apart from The Guardian have joined. Leveson has stlil not been fully implemented and looks unlikely to be so.

QUESTION 3 PRACTICE a) Explain the impact of technological developments and changing economic contexts on the cost for audiences of consuming news. Refer to The Guardian/The ‘i’ and The Daily Mail to support your answer. [10 marks] OR b) Explain how the political context in which newspapers are produced, influences their ownership and regulation. Refer to The Guardian/The ‘i’ and The Daily Mail newspapers you have studied to support your answer. [10 marks] NOTE: there will NOT be a choice of questions in the exam!

3 A) STRUCTURE AND FRAME ● ● ● Economics of the two papers: e. g. reliance on advertising, subscription / donation based model, clickbait, online v print, Decline in sales of print newspapers and the impact of this. Paywall? Appeals of online: constant updating / immediacy, social updates, multimedia, sharing, collective intelligence Range of platforms including social media Pro-sumer activity; citizen journalism; below-the-line- all facilitated by technological developments

QUESTION 4: EVALUATE A THEORY In this question, you will be asked to evaluate the usefulness of one of two theories, in relation to your set products (The Daily Mail and The Guardian/ The ‘i’ ). You won’t know until you sit the exam which of theories could come up. Ensure you know as many as you can, if not all of them! However the question should help. You don’t need to explain theory in any detail, but you do need to evaluate it and how far it might help you understand news.

SAMPLE QUESTIONS 4. Evaluate the usefulness of one of the following in understanding audiences for newspapers such as The Guardian/The ‘i’ and The Daily Mail : EITHER Gerbner’s cultivation theory OR Shirky’s “end of audience” theory [10]

SUGGESTED STRUCTURE AND FRAME ● ● ● Outline theory- 2 sentences IF YOU DON’T THINK THEORY IS USEFUL, SAY WHY AND THEN GIVE ANOTHER THEORY FROM THE SAME FRAMEWORK GROUP THAT IS. THIS IS NOW THE ‘THEORY’ THAT PLAN REFERS TO. Give an example from Mail/Guardian/i that supports the theory mentioned in the question. Explain example in detail and how it supports the theory. Give another example from Mail/Guardian/i that supports theory mentioned in the question. Explain example in detail and how it supports theory. Conclusion. Sum up by evaluating theory again

THE EXAM – SECTION B MEDIA LANGUAGE AND REPRESENTATION The two questions will be as follows: Q 5 10 marks This question will ask you to analyse the media language or the representations in an unseen advert. Theory is not expected. This short essay should take about 15 minutes to plan and write. Q 6 15 marks This will be a more complex question asking you to: ● Analyse music video set texts, probably in terms of media language or representation (this might entail comparing the two) ● Make judgements and draw conclusions. ● This extended essay should take about 22 minutes to plan and write. Both questions could ask you to focus on a particular feature of media language (say, narrative or genre) or representation ( say, gender or intertextuality). However , both advertising and music video may ask about social and cultural contexts ONLY In the ‘real’ exam, the questions will not necessarily be in this order. Replacing 1 of the questions might be a question -Unseen or just essay – on The Big Issue

ADVERTISING The Unseen Advert will be either an advert for: ● A Fragrance – male or female ● An energy drink ● A charity advert OCR issued an example of each, which is on the back wall. They call them ‘set texts’ but they are more like examples – for the real exam it might be useful to have notes on each of them because you might be asked to make a comparison if Advertising was the 15 mark question

ADVERTISING – MEDIA LANGUAGE You need to be aware of the media language involved in advertising. For instance, what is: 1. A pack shot 2. Body Text 3. A slogan 4. A tag line 5. Colour coding 6. Soft focus 7. Depth of field Also be sure of the type of shots – CU/MS/LS/ELS and angles. What is the effect of a high angle shot ? ) (

ADVERTISING - REPRESENTATION 1. The same 5 areas are true here as for newspapers – Gender, Ethnicity, Class, Age and Ability/Disability. Discussions of any one of these areas are normally the social context. 2. However Gender representations are dominant for both Fragrance and Energy drink adverts but for Charity adverts the other four categories become important. 3. It is also important/useful to know what Intertextuality as this is generally the cultural context – so what does it mean ? •

DISCUSS HOW THIS ADVERT USES INTERTEXTUALITY TO APPEAL TO ITS TARGET AUDIENCE

AUDIENCES Even though Audience is not part of this Section, it can be useful to discuss the target audience and how the advert is using Media Language and/or Representation to reach them. SO here are some audience groupings – first the traditional, Acorn grouping This is classic audience segmentation (dividing up audiences into segments) done by demographics

Psychological Groupings

ANALYSE HOW RELATIONSHIPS ARE BEING REPRESENTED IN THIS ADVERT ?

DISCUSS HOW THIS ADVERT USES MEDIA LANGUAGE TO CONSTRUCT REPRESENTATION

MAKE SURE YOU HAVE NOTES ON THE 2 SET TEXT VIDEOS Emeli Sande – Heaven The song is about wanting to be a better person, to overcome temptation(possibly religious ? - title) and the video reflects these ideas. Camerawork – shot type ? Focus ? Why ? Editing – Style ? Juxtaposition of which images ? Why ? Mise-en-scene – where is this set why ? Who are the ‘characters’ and how are they represented? Why ? How is Emile Sande and East London (Bethnal Green) represented in the video ? What ideas is she trying to suggest ? Could these regarded as intertextual ? David Guetta – Titanium The song is about inner strength. The video does reflect this theme but develops it to consider superpowers and conspiracy theories – a bit like Stranger Things. Camerawork and Editing –Use of tracking – cutting speed – special effects? What doe s this remind you of ? Mise-en-scene – Does this feel like 1980 s USA of Spielberg (lonely teenage boy – misunderstood – bicycle – threat of state )? Who are the other ‘characters’. Intertextual link to Super 8 (and Spielberg) Enigma narrative (who is the boy ? ) that seems unresolved. What are the key representations in the video – the boy and the police ? – any others ?

MUSIC VIDEO • Use the knowledge organisers for music video that I will email to you. Fill them out. • It is becoming unlikely that you will be asked to write about 2 music videos – especially if the question is the 10 mark one – there just isn’t enough time. • Be clear on all the representations – social contexts • Be clear on intertextuality and any innovations in the video – cultural context