Revised 10506 Buddhism The Rise and Development of
Revised, 10/5/06 Buddhism The Rise and Development of Buddhism
Indian Religion in the 6 th & 5 th centuries BC Brahmins - priestly ritual religion l Hinduism Sannyasins (wandering monks) renunciation & yoga l Jainism Yoga combined with extreme asceticism & nonviolence
The Buddha l l l l l Siddhartha Gautama Birth (563 -483 BC) Youth Marriage & parenthood The Four Passing Sights (aging, sickness, death, renunciation) The Great Renunciation The Great Going Forth The Great Enlightenment The Great Ministry The Great Decease
Origin of Buddhism Spread of Buddhism during the lifetime of the Buddha
The Three Refuges (Jewels) The Buddha o The Dharma (teachings, doctrine) o The Sangha (the Order) o
The Teachings of the Buddha The Four Noble Truths
Preface to the Four Noble Truths: The Middle Path Two extremes to be avoided: (1) Hedonism (2) Asceticism This Middle Path is the Noble Eightfold Path, namely, Right Views, Right Intent, Right Speech, Right Conduct, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. . By avoiding these two extremes, we discover a Middle Path, a path which opens the eyes, which bestows understanding, and which leads to peace of mind, to wisdom, to full enlightenment, to Nirvana.
1. The Noble Truth of Suffering
2. The Noble Truth of the Cause of Suffering *Some traditions make (c) a craving for prosperity or for personal happiness.
3. The Noble Truth of the Cessation of Suffering
4. The Noble Truth of the Path that leads to the cessation of suffering
Elaboration of the Noble Eightfold Path Wisdom (prajna) l l l Morality (sila) l l l Meditation (samadhi) l l Right views (Samma ditthi) Right intent (Samma sankappa) Right speech (Samma vaca) Right conduct (Samma kammanta) Right livelihood (Samma ajiva) Right effort (Samma vayama) Right mindfulness (Samma sati) Right concentration (Samma samadhi)
(Eightfold Path, continued) 1. Right Views The Four Noble Truths l The doctrine of no-self (anatta, anatman) l – Transitoriness (anicca): impermanence – The Five Components or Aggregates (skandhas) of human personhood – Interdependent Origination Karma & Samsara (rebirth) l Nirvana (what is it? ) l
(No-self, cont’d) The Five Components (skandhas) of personhood Body (rupa) Person Sensation (vedana) Consciousness (vinnana) Perception (sanna) Volition (sankhara) Mind (nama)
It is through the five skandhas (components, attributes) that a human being typically clings to existence and, as a result, becomes subject to suffering (dukkha). Knowing and seeing the nature of, the origin of, and how to extinguish (end) the five components of body [corporeality], sensation, consciousness, perception, and volition brings about the cessation of selfish craving.
So… l l l a "person" is composed of five components: four "mind" components - sensation, consciousness, perception, volition; and one physical component, i. e. , the body. That's all a "person" is. And, like anything else, these components are constantly changing (transitory and impermanent). Note that on the list of the five "skandhas" (components), there is no "self, " especially no unchanging, permanent, eternal Self (Atman).
(No-self, cont’d) The doctrine of Interdependent Origination (Paticca Samuppada) The interdependence & relativity of all things
According to the doctrine of interdependent origination, all things arise, develop, and dissolve in relation to and in interdependence with (or dependence on) all other things. l Nothing has an independent (non-relative), individual, or permanent existence. l Thus, there is no separate, individual, unchanging, or eternal Self. l
11. Birth 12. Aging & Dying 1. Ignorance Heaven 2. Impulse to Exist 3. Demon Con. Realm scious. Greed ness Delusion 4. 9. Hatred Hungry Mind. Cling- Animal Ghost Realm Body ing Realm Note that the Wheel is driven by the "Three Great 8. Poisons" at the. Hell center: greed, Six 5. Craving& hatred. Senses delusion, 6. 7. Sensations Contact 10. Becom- Human Realm ing
(Eightfold Path, continued) 2. Right Intent (Resolution) Right intent or resolution is the intent or resolution to live & act in accordance with right views.
(Eightfold Path, continued) 3. Right Speech l l l No lying No slander No harsh or rude talk No profanity No impolite or abusive language No idle or foolish chatter l Strive to use language meaningfully & usefully, with wisdom & kindness l Learn to maintain “noble silence”
4. Right Conduct l l l No harming & killing No stealing No lying & deceitfulness No sexual immorality No use of intoxicants The Five Precepts (for everybody) & the Ten Precepts (for monks & nuns) (Eightfold Path, continued) l l l Eat moderately & not after noon. Stay away from dancing, singing, & dramatic spectacles. Do not use garlands, scents, unguents, or ornaments. Do not use high or broad (soft) beds. Do not accept gold or silver (money in general? ).
(Eightfold Path, continued) 5. Right Livelihood (Vocation) l Choose professions that promote life, peace, & spiritual progress (especially life in the Sangha). l Specifically prohibited professions: poison peddler, slave trader, prostitute, butcher, manufacturer & trader of liquor & other intoxicants, weapons manufacturer & trader, tax collector, caravan trader.
(Eightfold Path, continued) 6. Right Effort (purification of the mind) Preventing evil & unwholesome states of mind from arising l Getting rid of such states of mind that may already exist l Bringing about good & wholesome states of mind l Developing & perfecting good & wholesome states of mind that are already present l
Focusing of attention on: Activities of the body (breathing, walking, sitting, eating, heartbeat, etc. ) l Feelings (anger, fear, joy, pleasure, pain, etc. ) l States of mind (thoughts, ideas, etc. ) l Ways of conceptualizing things (the Four Noble Truths, the Wheel of Becoming, etc. ) l (Eightfold Path, continued) 7. Right Mindfulness
(Eightfold Path, continued) 8. Right Concentration l l l One-pointed concentration and 1 Detachment from all sense objects & the four absorptions: from negative states of mind; thought Preliminary concentration on the Four Sublime Moods: love, compassion, cheerfulness, & impartiality processes accompanied by joy 2 Cessation of all mental activities; internal calm, peace of mind, joy to the point of great elation 3 Cessation of all passions & prejudices; continued sense of joy 4 Cessation of joy; total tranquillity & equanimity -- Nirvana (& arhatship)
Four Stages of Advancement along the Noble Eightfold Path 1 Belief in permanent self 2 Doubt 3 Belief in religious rituals Overcomes 1 -3 4 Sensual craving 5 Ill will 6 Desire for rebirth in worlds of form 7 Desire for rebirth in formless realms 8 Pride 9 Self-righteousness 10 Ignorance of the true nature of things Overcomes 1 -5 Overcomes all
The Historical Evolution of Buddhism
The Major Buddhist Traditions l Theravada (“The Way of the Elders”) - Sri Lanka & Southeast Asia l Mahayana (“The Greater Vehicle”) - China, Korea, & Japan (& Tibet & Mongolia) l Vajrayana (“The Way of the Diamond Thunderbolt”) Tibet & Mongolia Vajrayana is a development within the Mahayana tradition.
The Early Schools & the Rise of Theravada (4 th century BC - 1 st century AD)
Council at Rajagraha (483 BC) Council at Vaisali (383 BC) Sthaviravada Mahasamghika Council at Pataliputta (247 BC) Vibhajyavada Sarvastivada (c. 225 BC) Theravada (c. 200 BC) Vatsiputriya Golulika (c. 100 BC) Sautrantika* *Contributed to rise of Mahayana * Ekavyavaharika Prajnaptivada Mahisasaka (c. 125 BC) Kasyapiya Dharmaguptaka* Vaibheshika Bahushrutiya Sammatiya Bhadrayamiya Dharmottariya Sammagurika Caitika Lokottaravada (c. 180 BC) (c. 50 BC) Uttarashaila* Aparashaila
The Rise & Development of Mahayana (& Vajrayana)
India Mahayana Buddhism China Japan Madhyamaka* Ashvaghosa (1 st century AD) (2 d-3 d centuries AD) Yogacara ** (3 d-4 th centuries AD) Tantrayana Three Treatise School San-lun Sanron Consciousness-Only Mei-shih Hosso Chen-yen (3 d century AD) Sukhavati (Pure Land) (1 st century AD) *Nagarjuna **Vasubandhu Tibet Shingon (True Word) Ching-tu Jodo-shu & Jodo-shin-shu Ch’an Zen Ti’en-Tai (Lotus) Tendai Hua-yen (Flower Graland) Nicheren Shoshu Vajrayana (a/k/a Tantrayana & Mantrayana)
The Spread of Buddhism out of India by 1000 AD Theravada Mahayana Vajrayana Spheres of Influence
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