Review Youth Fitness Skill Healthrelated fitness Involvement in

Review: Youth Fitness • Skill- & Health-related fitness • Involvement in PA over time/with age • 2008 PA guidelines • Recommendations? • Value? • Norm- & Criterion-referenced standards

Psychological Measurements in Sport and Exercise HPHE 3150 Dr. Ayers

Psychological Factors Affecting Sport Performance • Anxiety • Motivation • Concentration • Mental preparation • Confidence • Personality

Affective Domain • Trait vs. Stable/Consistent • General vs. TEOSQ State Situational Sport Specific Anxiety Assessment for Wrestlers • Dimensionality • Hard to isolate one component of most characteristics

Cautions • Measurement errors • One's own knowledge/limitations • Test purpose • Used how? Shared with whom? • Validated for sample/situation intended • Team selection • Participant feedback

Measurement in the Affective Domain Quantitative (#s) Qualitative (text) Quantitative (#s) Likert scales (1 -5) Semantic Differential (slow-fast)

Likert Scales • Assume equal response intervals • Widely used in attitude inventories • Allow wider choice of expression than Y/N • Using multiple intervals can improve reliability (to a point; 5 -7 max)

Table 12. 2: Scaled Responses 1 2 3 4 5 Never Sometimes Often Frequently Always 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly agree Agree No opinion Disagree Strongly disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 Always 1 Never 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Agree 1 Not important at all 7 10 11 Disagree 2 3 4 5 Extremely important

Semantic Differential Scales • Use bipolar adjectives (extremes) • Choose point between extremes to reflect feelings • Three factors measured with these scales • Evaluation (degree of goodness) • Potency (strength of concept being rated) • Activity (describe action)

Semantic Differential Evaluation (degree of goodness) Pleasant Fair Honest Good Successful Useful Unpleasant Unfair Dishonest Bad Unsuccessful Useless

Semantic Differential Potency (strength of concept) Strong Hard Heavy Dominant Rugged Dirty Weak Soft Light Submissive Delicate Clean

Semantic Differential Activity (describe action) Steady Happy Active Dynamic Stationary Fast Nervous Sad Passive Static Moving Slow

Table 12. 3 Semantic Differential Scales Physical Activity Good __ __ Bad Pleasant __ __ Unpleasant Relaxed __ __ Tense Hot __ __ Cold Healthy __ __ Unhealthy Nice __ __ Awful Delicate __ __ Rugged Active __ __ Passive

Measurement in the Affective Domain Qualitative (descriptors) Interviews Good listener Tape record or take notes Observation Videotape Be unobtrusive

Scales used in Sport and Exercise Psychology • • Sport Competition Anxiety Scale (p. 331) Competitive State Anxiety Inventory – 2 (p. 333 -3) Attitudes Toward Physical Activity (p. 357) Children's Attitude Toward Physical Activity (p. 337) Physical Estimation and Attraction Scale (p. 338) Trait and State Sport Confidence Inventories (p. 340) Group Environment Questionnaire (p. 341; Ex Phys)

Kenyon’s Attitude Toward Physical Activity (ATPA) 6 Dimensions of • Social experience ATPA: • • • Health and Fitness Pursuit of vertigo (thrill/excitement) Aesthetic experience Catharsis Ascetic experience (self-denial; work)

General Psychological Scales Used in Sport and Exercise • Self-Motivation Inventory (p. 344; useful for Ex Phys program leaders drop-outs) • Profile of Mood States (p. 346; individualize) • Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (p. 347) • Width (broad to narrow) • Direction (internal to external)

Stages of Change for Exercise and Physical Activity (p. 349) • Precontemplation No intention to change behavior • Contemplation Intention to change behavior • Preparation Preparing for action • Action Involved in behavior change • Maintenance Sustain behavior change • As a fitness leader in a corporate wellness program, how could the SOC help you increase employee participation in PA program?

Tell a friend one thing you can use psychological assessments for in your profession. Decide what tool you would realistically use and bring a copy of that inventory to next class: 1) 2) 3) 4) COMPLETE instrument Administration instructions Scoring instructions & tally sheet (if needed) Validity & reliability information