Review What was the XYZ Affair How did

Review • What was the XYZ Affair? How did the American diplomats react to it? • How did Americans react to the XYZ Affair and the Quasi-War with France? • What were the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798? • What did the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions propose?

Review • What was the XYZ Affair? How did the American diplomats react to it? • In 1797, French officials tried to demand payments from American diplomats claiming the US has wronged France • American diplomats were insulted and refused to pay • How did Americans react to the XYZ Affair and the Quasi-War with France? • Created Anti-immigrant feelings and general suspicions about immigrants, specifically among Federalists • What were the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798? • Naturalization act – 14 years to be citizen • Alien Friends Act – deportation for any suspicious immigrant • Alien Enemies Act – deportation for any immigrant from a country the US is at war with • Sedition Act – criminalized criticizing the gov’t • What did the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions propose? • The idea of nullification – a state could refuse to follows laws that they thought were unconstitutional

JEFFERSON & THE REVOLUTION OF 1800

Election of 1800 Adams vs TJ… again Federalists: “TJ supports the French Revolution and French radicals and is an atheist who is out to destroy organized religion!” X POTUS Dem-Reps: “Adams is a tool of the rich and wants the US to resemble the British monarchy by taking away our rights!”

Election of 1800 • Adams lost because the Federalists were unpopular after the Quasi-War and the Alien and Sedition Acts. • TJ ran with Aaron Burr as his fellow Democratic Republican candidate. • The Constitution allowed for each elector in the electoral college to vote for 2 candidates. • The winner with the most votes = POTUS. • The runner up = VP. • TJ and Burr both got 73 electoral votes… TIE!

Hamilton Breaks the Tie • The House of Representatives was called upon to break the tie by voting for either TJ or Burr for president. • Hamilton convinced most Federalist representatives to vote for TJ rather than Burr → TJ = POTUS! • Hated TJ, but was the lesser of two evils. BURR TJ POTUS!

The Election of 1800 • Adams will not win a second term… all the Federalists and Hamilton know that → must choose between TJ and Burr. • The electoral votes end in a tie between TJ and Burr, thus the House of Reps will vote. • Hamilton endorses TJ and the Federalists in the House of Reps vote for TJ (“landslide”) • Burr becomes VP (runner-up), but blames Hamilton for his loss of the presidency.

Hamilton vs Burr DUEL • Burr was PISSED that he wasn’t chosen as POTUS, and blamed Hamilton! • Plus, Hamilton ruins his campaign for NY governor in 1804. • Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel!

Hamilton vs Burr DUEL • Duels were not uncommon, but usually did not end with a death. • Challenging someone to a duel was more of a symbolic act – HONOR! • Each person would choose a “second. ” • Responsible for meeting to negotiate a deal between the parties. • If the seconds couldn’t reach an agreement, they would arrange a duel date and location.

Your Obedient Servant • This song details the real- life letters between Hamilton and Burr before the duel. • Each letter was signed - “I have the honor to be Your Obdt. St. ” - referencing honor but in a sarcastic way. • The song is written in ¾ time - like a waltz… the letters are like a dance between the two men.

Hamilton vs Burr DUEL • 1804 - Met in New Jersey • Dueling had recently been outlawed in NY and NJ, but NJ didn’t enforce anti-dueling laws very much. • Hamilton shot into the air • Burr shot Hamilton in the stomach • Hamilton died the next day. • Burr is charged with murder, but never faces trial → ends Burr’s political career.

The World Was Wide Enough • Hamilton and Burr meet to duel. • Most duels do not end in death (“most disputes die and no one shoots”) • Burr shot Hamilton in the stomach/ribs (“look him in the eye, aim no higher”) • Hamilton shot in the air (“he aims his pistol at the sky”)

Hamilton’s Legacy • Patriot • Revolutionary War veteran • Federalist • 1 of 3 authors of the Federalist Papers • Leader in the Federalist Party • Helped calm the Whiskey Rebellion • 1 st Secretary of the Treasury • Created National Bank • Influential in paying back Revolutionary War debts

Midnight Judges • Adams defeated by TJ for presidency. • Adams realizes that the Federalist party is not popular anymore. • The Federalists will lose their power in the government if fewer people vote for them. • Has a few days left as POTUS before TJ takes over. • Judiciary Act of 1801 – Congress created several new federal judge positions • Federal judges serve LIFE terms → long lasting influence • Adams filled the positions with Federalist judges… the night before he left office. • Midnight judges – Federalist judges appointed by Adams on his last day in office

Marbury v. Madison (1803) • TJ unhappy about midnight judges • Madison (Sec. of State) refused to deliver appointment papers because Adams was no longer president • Marbury was appointed, but didn’t get his papers from Madison

Marbury v. Madison (1803) • Marbury sued Madison claiming the Judiciary Act of 1789 said that… • the SCOTUS has the power to force the executive branch to deliver any appointment papers • Certain cases (like this one) can be filed directly in the SCOTUS without being heard at lower courts first.

Marbury v. Madison (1803) • Marbury v. Madison (1803) - SCOTUS decided in favor of Madison because the Judiciary Act of 1789 is unconstitutional. • The Constitution doesn’t say the SCOTUS can force the executive branch to deliver appointment papers. • It’s unconstitutional to sue someone in the SCOTUS, you have to use lower courts first. • If the law is unconstitutional, Madison doesn’t have to deliver the papers.

Marbury v. Madison (1803) • Why important? • Established judicial review – the power of the SCOTUS to evaluate the constitutionality of laws. • Expands the power of the judicial branch • John Marshall • Chief justice of the SCOTUS • Appointed by Adams – Federalist • Responsible for the Marbury v. Madison decision and establishing judicial review • In the next 30 years, Marshall influences many SCOTUS decisions that increase the power of the federal government.

The Revolution of 1800 • The first time a NEW political party came to power • Cut back on Federalist actions under Adams • Repealed Alien and Sedition Acts • Cut national taxes (to roll back Hamilton’s Economic Plan) • Cut tariffs to encourage trade • Reduced the size and spending of the military

The Revolution of 1800 • Changed the way the public viewed the President. • Dressed-down • Took off wig to greet visitors • Walked into the Inauguration Ceremony instead of riding in a carriage • Wanted to appeal to the common man

The Revolution of 1800 • 1 st POTUS to take office in new capital: Washington DC • Begins the Virginia Dynasty: next two POTUS also from VA • Reflected the growing importance of the South in politics (increased sectionalism) • Emphasized the decline in Federalist support

Jefferson Expands the Nation • TJ faced a dilemma… • Wanted more farmable land to increase his dream agricultural economy • Doesn’t want to add TOO much land – leads to a bigger national government • TJ favors a strict interpretation of the Constitution which DOES NOT state that the POTUS can purchase new territories from other nations. ?

Louisiana Purchase • 1800 - Spain secretly gave the Louisiana (LA) Territory back to France. • Napoleon takes back control of the MS River that Spain had given to the US in Pinckney’s Treaty. • By 1803, Napoleon has lost interest in North American conquests due to other problems. • Slave rebellions in Haiti • At war with England

Louisiana Purchase • 1803 - TJ sends James Monroe to France to offer to buy LA Territory for $15 million • Long shot - $15 million was not a lot of money for that much land • Napoleon AGREES!!!

• MS River to Rocky Mountains- 828, 000 sq. miles • DOUBLES the size of the US!

Jefferson – The Practical Politician • What does it mean to be practical? • Sensible • Realistic • Useful • TJ = Democratic Republican • Weaker central government • Strict interpretation of Constitution • Buying the LA Territory goes against ALL of TJ’s political beliefs… • BUT he knew it was a good move for the future of the US, so he was PRACTICAL and buys the land.

Exploring New Lands • The US had doubled its size for a CHEAP price • 1804 -06 - Lewis and Clark were sent to explore this new territory • Sacajawea, a female Native, helped them along the way