REVIEW TOPIC WEEK 7 Perfect Subjunctive System Infinitives

REVIEW TOPIC: WEEK 7 Perfect Subjunctive System + Infinitives

Perfect Active System for the Subjunctive Mood The Perfect Active System is built on the perfect active stem, which is found in the 3 rd principal part of any verb. 1 st: laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum 2 nd: moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum 3 rd: sucō, ducere, duxī, ductum 3 rd “io”: capiō, capere, cepī, captum 4 th: audiō, audīre, audivī, auditum The perfect active stem is simply the 3 rd principal part minus the “-ī” ending (which is the 1 st pers. sing. pf. ind. act. ending): e. g. - laudāv-, monu-, dūx-, cēp-, audīv- Though there is no exact way to guess how the 3 rd principal part will form if you don’t have it memorized, here a few of the trends: add “v”/“u”, lengthen internal vowel, add “s”, reduplication, loss of internal nasal, or some combination of the above.

Perfect Active Subjunctive The Perfect Active Subjunctive uses a set of endings, which equates to a combination of -erī- plus the usual personal endings (-m, -s, -t, etc. ): 1 st sing: 2 nd sing: 3 rd sing: 1 st pl: 2 nd pl: 3 rd pl: -erim -erīs -erit -erīmus -erītis -erint You’ll notice that this looks remarkably similar to the Future Perfect Active Indicative, except for the 1 st pers. sing. and the presence of the long “ī” in a few places.

Perfect Active Subjunctive To form the Perfect Active Subjunctive, combine the Perf. Stem + -erī+ personal endings laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum laudāverim laudāverīs laudāverit laudāverīmus laudāverītis laudāverint ducō, ducere, duxī, ductum dūxerim dūxerīs dūxerit dūxerimus dūxerītis dūxerint NB: Though you only have two examples (1 st and 3 rd conjug. ) here, you should know how to conjugate the perfect active subjunctive for any verb, provided that you know the 3 rd principal part.

Pluperfect Active Subjunctive To form the Plupf. Act. Subj. , combine the perf. act. stem + -issē- + personal endings (note that this really equates to the combination of the Perf. Act. Infinitive + personal endings – compare this to the Imperfect Subjunctive, which is the present infinitive + endings) laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum laudāvissem laudāvissēs laudāvisset laudāvissēmus laudāvissētis laudāvissent ducō, ducere, dūxī, ductum dūxissem dūxissēs dūxisset dūxissēmus dūxissētis dūxissent NB: Though you only have two examples (1 st and 3 rd conjug. ) here, you should know how to conjugate the pluperfect active subjunctive for any verb, provided that you know the 3 rd principal part.

Perfect Passive System The Perfect Passive System is built on the participial stem, which is the 4 th principal part of any verb. 1 st: laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum 2 nd: moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum 3 rd: sucō, ducere, duxī, ductum 3 rd “io”: capiō, capere, cepī, captum 4 th: audiō, audīre, audivī, auditum The 4 th principal part, which is simply the perfect passive participle, functions as one part of the verbs of the perfect passive system. The Rule: EVERY verb in the perf. pass. system has two parts: A perf. pass. ppl. + a form of sum Because the participial part is technically an adjective (as are all participles), it will decline to match the subject in case, number, and gender. NB: When writing out forms in the perf. pass. system, be sure to include all possible forms of the participle: (-us/-a/-um for sing. ; -i/-ae/-a for pl. )

Perfect Passive Subjunctive To form the perf. act. subj. , combine the 4 th principal part + present subjunctive of sum (make sure the participial part agrees with the subject!) —[note, see review wk 4 ppt. for subj. of sum] laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum laudātus, -a, -um sim laudātus, -a, -um sīs laudātus, -a, -um sit laudātī, -ae, -a sīmus laudātī, -ae, -a sītis laudātī, -ae, -a sint ducō, ducere, dūxī, ductum ductus, -a, -um sim ductus, -a, -um sīs ductus, -a, -um sit ductī, -ae, -a sīmus ductī, -ae, -a sītis ductī, -ae, -a sint NB: Though you only have two examples (1 st and 3 rd conjug. ) here, you should know how to conjugate the perfect passive subjunctive for any verb, provided that you know the 4 th principal part.

Pluperfect Passive Subjunctive To form the pluperf. act. subj. , combine the 4 th principal part + imperf. subjunctive of sum (but make sure the participial part agrees with the subject!)—[note: see wk 4 review ppt. for impf. subj. of sum] laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum laudātus, -a, -um essem ductus, -a, -um essem laudātus, -a, -um essēs ductus, -a, -um essēs laudātus, -a, -um esset ductus, -a, -um esset laudātī, -ae, -a essēmus ductī, -ae, -a essēmus laudātī, -ae, -a essētis ductī, -ae, -a essētis laudātī, -ae, -a essent ducō, ducere, dūxī, ductum NB: Though you only have two examples (1 st and 3 rd conjug. ) here, you should know how to conjugate the pluperfect passive subjunctive for any verb, provided that you know the 4 th principal part.

Sequence of Tenses Now that we have reviewed all the tenses of the Subjunctive, it’s worth recalling how the Sequence of Tenses works. Any subordinate use of the subjunctive in Latin will use a specific tense for the dependent verb as dictated by the Sequence of Tenses. The main verb of the sentence will dictate which sequence the sentence follows: � � Primary Sequence = Main verbs in Present, Future, and Perfect tenses Secondary Sequence = Main verbs in Perfect, Imperfect, and Pluperfect tenses You may notice that the perfect tense main verb can be treated as primary sequence or as secondary sequence, this is due to its unique emphasis of the “present result” of a “past action, ” suggesting both possible periods of time (primary and historical) Note, too, that “historical” present tense verbs in historical narrative are usually treated as secondary sequence. (We will observe this in the BC)

Sequence of Tenses Primary Sequence (Main Verb = Pres. , Fut. , Pf. ) Secondary Sequence (Main Verb = Pf. , Impf. , Plupf. ) Simultaneous or Subsequent Action (Same time as or time after main verb) Prior or Past Action (Time before main verb) Present Subj. Perfect Subj. Imperfect Subj. Pluperfect Subj. Note, again, that the Sequence of tenses only applies to Subordinate (aka Dependent) uses of the Subjunctive.

Infinitives Infinitives are built on verbal stems, giving them some verbal qualities (tense and voice). The verbal qualities of infinitives often require that the infinitive has a subject (which will be acc. ) and a direct object (also acc. ), if active, or an expression of means or agent (abl. ), if passive. In fact, infinitives are really nouns and function as nouns in Latin sentences. As nouns, infinitives can be the subject of the sentence, the object of a verb or adjective and do many things that verbs otherwise could not do. In Latin, infinitives occur in the present, perfect, and future tenses. Like participles, these tenses convey time relative to the main verb of the sentence.

Infinitive Box The following chart gives you a layout about how to form each of the tenses and voices of the infinitive. Present Active Passive 2 nd Principal Part stem + -ārī, -ērī, -īrī (stem + -āre, -ēre, -ere, -īre) Perfect perf. stem + -isse perf. pass. ppl. + esse Future fut. act. ppl. + esse [supine in –um + īrī] Note the fut. pass. Infinitive is extremely rare and has an unusual form. Generally, just don’t worry about it, it will be noted for you when you see it.

Infinitive Box – complete example Here’s an example of the infinitive box filled out for the following verb: agō, agere, ēgī, āctum Active Passive Present agere agī Perfect ēgisse āctus, -a, -um esse Future ācturus, -a, -um esse āctum īrī Note the fut. pass. Infinitive is very uncommon and has an unusual form. Generally, just don’t worry about it, it will be noted for you when you see it.