Review of Statistics Indicators Metadata Theme Air Indicators

Review of Statistics, Indicators & Metadata Theme: Air Indicators: 2. 7 Emissions of Lead 2. 8 Consumption of Leaded Petrol

Emissions of Lead (Pb) n Definition of Indicator n Pure lead is a silvery-white metal that oxidizes and turns bluish-gray when exposed to air. Lead is primarily used in the manufacture of lead-acid batteries, lead alloys, lead oxides in pigments, glass, lead cable coating, and a variety of lead products including ammunition and radiation shielding. Lead is emitted into the atmosphere from mining and smelting; from its use as a feedstock in the production of lead alloys, lead compounds and other lead-containing products; from mobile sources; and from combustion sources. The major sources of Pb emissions have historically been motor vehicles and industrial sources.

Data Source & Method of Data Collection n n Data Source – Air Quality Management Unit, National Environment & Planning Agency (NEPA). Method of Data Collection – A compilation of annual emission reports completed by industries (facilities classified as ‘major’ & ‘significant’) that emit to the atmosphere in Jamaica. Emission reports are submitted to NEPA and re-checked.

Method of Computation n Emissions data (includes emissions other than Pb) are based on a combination of stack test data, estimations based on fuel use, estimations using AP 42 Emissions Factors (developed by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency) and also Mass Balance equations.

Summary of Annual Emissions from Major and Significant Facilities in Jamaica: 2012 Sector Type of Emission PM 10 (tonnes) Industrial Sources 11040. 38 Non-Industrial Sources 1035. 234 Total 12075. 62 SOX NOX VOC CO Pb CO 2 N 2 O CH 4 P. A. Ps Hg (tonnes) (tonnes) (tonnes) 36074. 66 11259. 36 1193. 399 3848. 207 0. 115859 32619. 31 68693. 96 28443. 14 1747. 084 9320. 784 0 39702. 5 2940. 483 13168. 99 0. 115859 2476257 2925758 5402016 52. 23588 92. 51683 28. 85072 584. 2011 81. 0866 676. 7179 180. 3668 1. 889826 0 0 180. 3668 1. 889826

Lead Emissions from Major and Significant Facilities in Jamaica: 2009 -2012 Sector Industrial Sources Non-Industrial Sources Total Pb Emissions (tonnes) 2009 2010 2011 2012 0. 178093 0. 09 0. 12 0. 115859 0 0 0. 178093 0. 09 0. 12 0. 115859 Data on Pb emissions only available for the period 2009 -2012 (NEPA currently working on 2013)

Data Gaps n n Data does not represent the sum total of all Pb emissions released to the atmosphere – data still outstanding from some industries. Data does not include emissions made from other sources such as homebased/backyard smelting.

Areas for Improvement n n Only the facilities classified as major or significant (licensed under Air Pollutant Discharge License by NEPA) are required to submit emissions report to NEPA. Eventually the smaller facilities will be required to submit emissions reports.

Consumption of Leaded Petrol n Definition of Indicator n Leaded fuel or leaded petrol is defined as fuel oil with the addition of antiknock agents that are mixture of Tetraethyl lead & dibromethane. TEL (tetraethyl lead) blended with lead by-products like dibromethane or dichloromethane was used as a famous antiknock agent and octane booster in petrol mainly in efforts to increase fuel mileage & decrease engine knocking.

Consumption of Leaded Petrol in Jamaica n n n Officially, petrol stations in Jamaica began selling unleaded fuel in April 2000. Leaded petrol was fully phased out by the end of 2001. Types of unleaded fuel in Jamaica: n 87 Octane Fuel n 90 Octane Fuel n E 10 Gasoline (combination of ethanol and gasoline)

Consumption of Leaded Petrol n n Data Source - Ministry of Science, Technology, Energy & Mining Years for which data available: 1995 2001

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