Review Negative Prefix imbalance mblnts inability nbli incomplete

Review • • • Negative Prefix imbalance [ɪmbælənts] inability [ɪnəbɪləɾi] incomplete [ɪŋkəmplit] irresponsible [ɪɹɪspɑntsəbl ] illegible [ɪlɛʤəbl ] • intolerable [ɪntɑlɹ əbl ]

Assimilation • • • nasal stop => [ɹ] / __ [ɹ] nasal stop => [l] / __ [l] nasal stop => bilabial / labial cons nasal stop => velar / velar cons nasal stop => alveolar / elsewhere • Degemination • CC => C

Syntax • How to combine words into phrases and phrases into sentences – Lexical categories – Phrase structure rules • Remember! This information is part of the Mental Grammar.

Open Lexical Categories • • • Content Words Noun: person, book, country, car Verb: write, sleep, drink, fight Adjective: blue, terrible, exciting, yucky Adverb: very, quickly, expertly, noisily

Closed Lexical Categories • • Function Words Determiner: a book, the book Preposition: of, with, to, under, on Auxiliary verb: – I am reading. I will read. • Pronoun: you, I, this, that • Conjunction: you and I, this or that

Phrases • Noun Phrases (NP) • The head of the phrase is a noun. • • cats the fat cats the cats on the bed

Phrase Structure Rules • • NP => N cats NP => Det N the cats NP => Det Adj N the fat cats NP => Det N PP the cats on the bed

• NPs function as subjects and objects. • [Cats] are small furry animals. • I like [cats].

Verb Phrases • The head of the phrase is a verb. • • • ran ate a bug kicked his sister slid down the hill led an elephant into the classroom

• • VP => V ran VP => V NP ate a bug VP => V PP slid down the hill VP => V NP PP led an elephant into the classroom

• VPs function as predicates. • Ignacius [brought an elephant to school]. • The kid next door [ate a bug]. • A girl in my chemistry class [ran away].

Prepositional Phrases • The head of the phrase is a preposition. • • • on the table in the sky over the rainbow during the night through the looking glass

• • • PP => P NP over the rainbow during the night through the looking glass to eternity

• PPs can appear inside VP. • Alice went down the rabbit hole. • PPs can precede a sentence. • Near the rock, John saw a snake. • PPs can appear inside NP. • the pot at the end of the rainbow

• Lexical category Distribution in a sentence. • Ibanez hit a home run last night. (V) • Ichiro didn’t get a single hit. (N) • A fast (Adj) car runs fast (Adv).

Sentences • • S => NP (Aux) VP [Ignacius] [will] [eat a bug]. [The kid next door] [has] [kicked his sister]. [A girl in my chemistry class] [is] – [leading an elephant into the room].

Explaining Ungrammaticality • *a big (as NP) • NP => Det N • *girl the (as NP) • NP => Det N

• • • *Harry a bug. (as S) S => NP VP *The girl the ball kicked. VP => V NP *Howled at the moon the wolf. (as S) S => NP VP