Review Language Chapter 5 KI 4 Language Diversity

Review:

Language Chapter 5 KI 4

Language Diversity • Numerous countries throughout the world operate with multiple languages. • Some are effective and some are ineffective.

Language Diversity - Switzerland • Peacefully exists with multiple languages. • Switzerland attributes success to decentralized government, in which local authorities hold most of the power, and decisions are frequently made on a local level by voter referenda. • Four official languages—German (65%), French (18%), Italian (10%), and Romansh (1%)

Language Diversity - Nigeria • Nigeria exemplifies the problems of when a nation becomes inundated with language. • There are more than 500 distinct languages spoken in Nigeria. • The 3 largest: Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo, are only spoken by an 1/8 of the population each. • Secession (Igbo) and political in-fighting are a constant battle.

Language Diversity - Belgium • The French and Dutch (Flemmish)divide in Belgium is stark, highly political, and results in discrimination. • Yellow (Flanders) & Pink (Wallonia) • http: //youtu. be/d 9_n. Wgl. RDX 0? t=1 m 7 s • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=rrhr. JW 8 m 8 e. U

Language Diversity - Spain • Spanish, or Castilian, is the only language with official status nation wide, but the other 4 below have co-official status in their given regions. • The Desire of Secession • http: //rt. com/news/186964 -catalonia-vote-independence-spain/ • In the unofficial referendum, 88% of voters were in favor of independence; however, only two million people voted, out of 5. 4 million eligible to vote. • Who are the Basque • Protecting Basque

Isolated Languages • An isolated language is one unrelated to any other and therefore not attached to any language family. • Arise from lack of interaction with speakers of other languages. • Ex. Basque in Europe • Only language currently spoken that survives since the period before the arrival of Indo-European speakers. • First language of 666, 000 people in the Pyrenees Mountains of northern Spain and southwestern France. • Mountain chain serving as a natural barrier to diffusion helped them preserve their language. • Ex. Icelandic • Language has changed less than any other Germanic language.

Extinct and Revived Languages • An extinct language is one that is no longer spoken or read in daily activities by anyone in the world. • Presently, 473 languages nearly extinct • • • 46 in Africa 182 in Americas 84 in Asia 9 in Europe 152 in Pacific • Ex. Native Americans • 74 languages extinct in the United States that were once spoken by Native Americans. • BBC – The Tragedy of Dying Languages • Smithsonian – How to Save a Dying Language • The Endangered Language Project

Preserving Endangered Languages: Celtic • Linguists expect hundreds of languages will become extinct during the twenty-first century. • Only about 300 languages are said to be safe from extinction. • Celtic Language is a language branch of the Indo-European family. • There are 6 languages in 2 groups (Gaelic and British) or (Goidelic and Brythonic) • Preservation of Irish is occurring through TV and Radio Stations, engagement in school, popular resurgence in music. British Gaelic Irish/Gaelige Scottish Gaelic Manx Breton Cornish Welsh

Global Dominance of Language • A lingua franca is a language of international communication. • Ex. English • • First language of 328 million people Spoken fluently by another ½ to 1 billion people. Official language in 57 countries People in smaller countries learn English to participate more fully in the global economy and culture. • Other Examples • • Swahili in East Africa Hindi in South Asia Indonesian in Southeast Asia Russian in former Soviet Union.

Global Dominance of English • Expansion has occurred in two ways with English. 1. English is changing through diffusion of new vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation. 2. English words are fusing with other languages. • Ex. Words, such as cowboy, hamburger, jeans, and T-shirt were allowed to diffuse into French. • Ex. English words have spurred the creation of English-like words to replace traditional Spanish words, such as parquin (Spanglish) for estacionamiento (Spanish) • Is English the future global language? • http: //www. economist. com/blogs/prospero/2014/07/future-english • http: //www. forbes. com/sites/pascalemmanuelgobry/2014/03/21/want-to-know-the-language-ofthe-future-the-data-suggests-it-could-be-french/ • http: //www. cepr. org/PRESS/DP 2055 PR. htm • http: //www. omniglot. com/language/articles/engunilang. php • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=5 Kvs 8 Sx. N 8 mc • http: //bigthink. com/videos/how-long-will-the-global-dominance-of-the-english-language-last • http: //catdir. loc. gov/catdir/samples/cam 041/2003282119. pdf

Spanish in the United States • Increasingly important language in recent years in United States because of large-scale immigration from Latin America. • Some communities now issue public notices, government documents, and advertisements in Spanish. • Radio stations and TV now broadcast in Spanish in places where most of the 35 million Spanish speakers live. • In reaction, 30 states and number of localities have laws making English the official language. • Some courts have judged these laws to be unconstitutional restrictions on free speech.

A Different Approach to Lingua Franca • Pidgin language • A language created when people combine parts of two or more languages into a simplified structure and vocabulary. • Developed to ease trade relationships of individuals from different locals • Pidgin in Hawaii • Creole language • A pidgin language that has developed a more complex structure and vocabulary and has become the native language of a group of people. • Pidgin languages can easily develop into Creoles • 3 Ways to Speak English – Code-Switching… Does AAVE count? Dialect? • Gaelscoilis- Error-ed Pidgin or Creative Creole? • http: //semantics. uchicago. edu/kennedy/classes/sum 07/myths/creoles. pdf

Just for Fun Are New Words… Real? • The Value of New Words • http: //ideas. ted. com/2014/06/17/new-words-and-what-theysay-about-us/