Review History of Middle East Middle East History

Review History of Middle East

Middle East History Review • European Partitioning in the Middle East • Iraq • Afghanistan

THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE --The Ottoman Empire began in the year 1299, located in present day Turkey, which is located in the Middle East. --The empire later grew and included parts of Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Europe.

Growth Of the Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire grew fast by taking over many regions. Soon it was one of the largest empires in the world. By 1451, the powerful Ottomans ruled many cities in the Middle East and Europe. In 1453, the Ottomans took Constantinople (later called Istanbul located in present day Turkey). Turkey Constantinople was the capital of the Ottoman Empire. It was one of the largest cities of the time.

Declineth and End of Ottoman… By the 20 century, the Ottoman Empire was weak. The Ottomans sided with the losing side during World War I, which fought against the Allied powers of England, France, Russia, and the United States. After World War I ended the Ottoman Empire was crushed & it broke up…and the land was split between European nations. **The League of Nations (France & England) got to divide up the land how they wanted. Soon after World War I ended Middle Eastern nations were formed in the land that was once known as the Ottoman Empire This created unfair boundaries & mixed ethnic groups who did not get along with each other.

The Creation of Israel

Copy the following words. . . (skip a few lines between each word) • • • Diaspora Anti-Semitism Holocaust Promised Land Zionism

Jewish Diaspora the forced scattering of Jewish people from their homeland by foreign invaders (ex. Babylonians, Mongols, Romans)

Russia Europe “Promised Land “Canaan” “Palestine” “Israel”

Anti-Semitism hatred, mistreatment, or discrimination against Jewish people

Holocaust • worst case of anti-Semitism • carried out by Hitler’s Nazi party in the 1930 -40 s • Nazis adopted a policy of genocide, the purposeful and organized extermination of a group of people based on their race, religion, or culture.

Holocaust • gangs attacked & burned synagogues & Jewish business throughout Germany • Jewish hospitals, homes, schools & cemeteries were also vandalized

Holocaust Jews were arrested & placed in prisons called concentration camps – slave labor, medical experiments, death

ZIONISM • an international movement for the creation of a Jewish community in Palestine • later supported the creation of the modern state of Israel

Why Zionism? • ZION = “the Promised Land” • Torah says God promised the land of Israel to the descendants of the Jewish patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob • Israel supposed to be a SAFE place for Jews

Movement of the Jewish People Push Factors Pull Factors 1. Anti-Semitism 1. Promised Land 2. Holocaust 2. Zionism

The UN Plan for partition 1947.

Arab-Israeli Conflict Early beginnings : 19 th century to 1947

Iraq’s Oil Fields

Iraq: Persian Gulf War • In 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait. • Western world leaders were afraid to have Saddam Hussein in control of such a large share of the world’s oil. • Western world leaders also thought Iraq had weapons of mass destruction (WMD’s) (chemical and biological weapons)

Iraq: Persian Gulf War • An alliance of countries (including U. S. and Great Britain) forced the Iraqis out of Kuwait

Iraq: Persian Gulf War

Iraq: Results of The Persian Gulf War • Saddam Hussein remained in power in Iraq. • Because Saddam refused to accept U. N. terms for peace, the U. N. placed an embargo on Iraq. • Iraq’s economy suffered as a result of the embargo. • 600 oil fields in Kuwait were set on fire with devastating environmental affects.

The War in Afghanistan Analyze the Causes and Effects

September 11, 2001 How does this relate to Afghanistan?

The War in Afghanistan Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan • • September 11, 2001 The Attackers and their Motivation Planning of the Attacks The Hijackers Osama bin Laden & Khalid Sheikh Mohammed US-led Coalition Response Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan Effects of the War in Afghanistan

Al-Qaeda • Claims responsibility for attack on USA • Taliban lets Al. Qaeda hide out in their county because they are allies.

Afghanistan: History • The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks were traced to Osama bin Laden and his al Qaeda network based in Afghanistan.

Al-Qaeda Alliance with Taliban • 1996 Osama bin Laden moves from Sudan to Afghanistan • Leader of Al. Qaeda

9/11 • Men who Hijacked planes

Why did these people want to attack America? According to Bin Laden, he is concerned with • American foreign policy towards, and American actions in, the Muslim world • US support for Israel in its ongoing theft of Arab land • US support for corrupt and repressive regimes in the Muslim world (Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and the Gulf states). • Post 9/11, the US has added to an already long list of Muslim grievances by occupying Afghanistan and Iraq.

• The 9/11 Commission Report determined that the animosity towards the United States felt by Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the "principal architect" of the 9/11 attacks, stemmed "not from his experiences there as a student, but rather from his violent disagreement with U. S. foreign policy favoring Israel". [

Afghanistan: Terrain causes Political Problems • Why can’t we find Osama bin Laden or at least win and end the current war in Afghanistan? • The rugged terrain makes it difficult to organize, fight, and rule people.

Osama bin Laden

How did the United States respond? • Tells Taliban to: – deliver Al-Qaeda leaders to USA – release all US citizens in jails – protect foreigners in Afghanistan – Close terrorist facilities • Does the Taliban accept?

U. S. Kills Bin Laden in Pakistan ? • ZION = “the Promised Land” • Torah says God promised the land of Israel to the descendants of the Jewish patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob • Israel supposed to be a SAFE place for Jews

Invasion of Iraq/ Operation Iraqi Freedom 2003 • 2003 THE United States Launched an Invasion of Iraq, after claiming Iraqi government led by Saddam Hussein was developing nuclear weapons and offering aid to groups like al. Qaeda, who were a threat to the United States interest in the Region. The government of Saddam Hussien collapsed quickly because many of the Iraqis felt he was a cruel leader.

• Iraq lost the war, Saddam Hussein, the leader was removed from power. The U. S. won the war but found no weapons of mass destruction. The U. S. is trying to help build a democracy.