Review from yesterday Who was Charlemagne Frankish emperor

Review from yesterday… � Who was Charlemagne? �Frankish emperor who conquered lots of land � What is a serf? What is a manor? �Peasants tied to land; a large farming estate � Knights were… �Soldiers who fought for lords � What were the Crusades? Why were they fought? �Holy wars to recapture Jerusalem from the Muslims � The leader of the church was the… �Pope � What is a Fief? �Land granted by a lord to a vassal � Why did the pope and emperor argue? �Over power to appoint church officials

Mr. Holzhauser World History Chapter 14 THE FORMATION OF WESTERN EUROPE 800 -1500

The Crusades � Launched by Pope Urban II -1096 �Assist Constantinople in defeating Muslims �Retake the Holy Land, and Jerusalem � Called for hundreds of Knights �Young and old alike–Many came seeking glory and wealth, a new life

First Two Crusades � Siege of Jerusalem �Crusaders were vicious to Muslims �Torture, theft, murder �Took control on July 15, 1099 �Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem held until 1187

Kingdom of Jerusalem � Largest Christian Kingdom in Middle East from 1099 -1291 � Founded by Godfrey of Bouillon in 1099 �Godfrey’s Brother Baldwin of Boulogne/Edessa becomes 1 st king of Jerusalem Dec. 25, 1100 �Family remains in power of Jerusalem until 1187

Kingdom of Heaven Reality � Baldwin IV – the Leper King – ruled Jerusalem from 1174 -1185 �Sister – Queen Sibylla �Guy de Lusignan – King of Jerusalem 1186 - 1194 through marriage to Sibylla – Templar �Balian of Ibelin – Crusader and leader of the defense of Jerusalem

Third and Fourth Crusades � � Major losses for crusaders Saladin, Seljuk Leader takes back Jerusalem - 1187 �Relatively peaceful despite crusaders viciousness �Negotiated the peaceful surrender of Jerusalem with Balian ○ allowed women and children to go free for ransom ○ Released most others after they were taken prisoner �Allows Christians to pilgrimage to Jerusalem safely

Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb

Crusaders � Richard the Lionheart � Frederick Barbarossa �Holy Roman Emperor � All Crusades �Knights Templar �Knights Hospitaller

� Children’s Crusade – 1212 A. D. �Led by 12 y. o. Stephen of Coyles, 30, 000 kids �All but 2, 000 died or were sold into slavery � The Reconquista – 1200’s �The re-conquering of Spanish lands held by Muslims � The Spanish Inquisition – Church court which tortured heretics

Route of European Crusaders

Paintings of Crusades

Invasions of England (land of Angles) � Vikings were a constant threat � King Alfred united England into one nation for the 1 st time 871 -899 �After his descendent King Edward died, fights broke out over the throne

� William the Conqueror: Edward’s cousin and leader of Normandy (in France) �He invaded England claimed he was king through blood �Battle of Hastings - 1066: William defeated his enemies to become king of England �England now included many French lands

Alfred the Great; William (young and old)

Battle of Hastings

English Government Changes � Common law established: a unified body of law formed over several years �Juries used in court; judges collected taxes � Magna Carta written (1215): guaranteed basic political rights to rich nobles �Supposed to limit king’s power

Magna Carta original

� Parliament: law-making group �House of Commons: knights and rich people �House of Lords: nobles and bishops

The Capetian Family Rules France � King Philip II increased French power �Won back land from English � Philip’s successors increased the power of French king �King Louis IX: created appeals court to overturn decisions of local courts � Estates-General: French society meeting of all levels of

King Philip II

Crowning of King Philip II; King Louis IX

Homework=Timeline: write what happened for each date � 871 -899 � 1180 -1223 � 987 -1328 � 1204 � 1042 -1066 � June 15, 1215 � October 14, 1066 � 1226 -1270 � 1154 -1189 � 1300 -1400