Review for Lecture and Lab Yes we have

Review for Lecture and Lab Yes, we have more

Which of the following cell types is responsible for synthesizing the organic component of cartilage matrix? a) b) c) d) e) Chondrocytes Osteoblasts Osteocytes Chondroclasts 2 of the above

Which of the following hormones acts to stimulate osteoclast activity and thus increase bone resorption? a) Growth Hormone b) Parathyroid Hormone c) Calcitonin d) Insulin e) Creatinine

Which of the following statements about bone is TRUE? a)Bone is the hardest tissue in the body b)Bone is a dynamic tissue which changes in response to hormonal demands c)Bone has an organic component of hydroxyapatite d)Bone contains 95% of the body's calcium in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bone tissue? a)Periosteum b)Calcium phosphate crystals c)Lacunae that contain 2 -4 cells each d)None of the above

The matrix of hyaline cartilage consists of all of the following EXCEPT: a)Collagen fibers b)Chondrocytes c)Proteoglycans d)Lacunae e)Perichondrium

The organic component of bone matrix is produced by a)Chondrocytes b)Chondroblasts c)Osteoblasts d)Osteocytes e)Osteoclasts

Which of the following statements about osteoblasts is TRUE? a)Osteoblasts are quiescent, inactive bone cells b)Osteoblasts secrete osteoid, which contains only the inorganic component of bone matrix c)Osteoblasts respond to parathyroid hormone d)Osteoblasts maintain contact with each other via cytoplasmic processes known as canaliculi

Which of the following cells is primarily responsible for bone resorption? a) Osteoblast b) Osteocyte c) Osteoclast d) Chondrocyte e) Chondroblast

Which of the following cell types extend cytoplasmic processes through canaliculi? a)Osteoclasts b)Osteocytes c)Osteoblasts d)Endothelial cells e)Fibroblasts

Which of the following is absent in fibrocartilage? a)Matrix b)Chondrocytes c)Collagenous fibers d)Lacunae e)Perichondrium

Which of the following can be found in cartilage but not bone tissue a) Lacunae b) Protein fibers c) Blood vessels d) Chondroitin

The dense connective tissue covering the outer surface of bone diaphyses is known as the: a)Perichondrium b)Periosteum c)Endosteum d)Epiosteum e)Exofibrium

Which of the following bones is considered a sesamoid bone? a)Clavicle b)Humerus c)Patella d)Femur e)Popliteal

These 2 components of bone are responsible for its hardness and pliability. a)Osteoclasts and collagen b)Mineralized salts and osteocytes c)Mineralized salts and collagen d)Collagen and elastin e)Collagen and metastatin

A fracture in the shaft of a long bone would be a break in the: a)Epiphysis b)Metaphysis c)Diaphysis d)Arthrosis e)Atalaphysis

Yellow marrow consists of _______ tissue.

Chondroblasts produce __________.

_______ carry blood vessels along the long axis of a bone a)Volkmann's canals b)Canaliculi c)Lacunae e)Foramina f)Haversian canals

The cell type that maintains the previously formed bone matrix is the: a)Osteoclast b)Osteocyte c)Osteoblast e)Fibrocyte

Soft connective tissue membranes between the cranial bones at birth are: a)An indication of microcephaly b)Frontal sinuses c)Epiphyseal plates e)Cribifrom plates f)Fontanelles

Endochondral and intramembranous are 2 mechanisms of: a)Bone remodeling b)Embryonic skeletal ossification c)Negative feedback d)Cartilage resorption

Which of the folllowing is NOT a cranial suture? a)Epiphyseal b)Lambdoidal c)Coronal d)Sagittal e)Squamous

The 2 pairs of bones that make up the hard palate are the right and left: a)Zygomatic and temporal b)Palatine and maxillae c)Maxillae and zygomatic d)Maxillae and mandibular

The 2 bones that make up the posterior nasal septum are the a)Nasal and lacrimal b)Lacrimal and vomer c)Vomer and ethmoid d)Ethmoid and sphenoid

Which of the following is the most life-threatening? a)Deviated nasal septum b)Sinusitis c)Damaged cribiform plate d)Cleft palate e)Ruptured bursae

Articulation is another word for _________.

Which of the following bones is NOT part of the cranium? a)Sphenoid b)Palatine c)Ethmoid d)Occipital

Which of the following is NOT part of the axial skeleton? a)Femur b)Sternum c)Mandible d)Sacrum

Incomplete closure of the vertebral column results in _______.

The thickened cartilage cushions of the knee that absorb compression are known as the: a)Menisci b)Bursae c)Hovae d)Ligaments e)Synovia

The Hunchback of Notre Dame probably suffered from: a)Scoliosis b)Kyphosis c)Lordosis

Which of the following does NOT describe synovial joints? a)Bones held together by cartilage b)Joint surfaces covered with articulating cartilage c)Presence of a joint cavity d)2 -layered joint capsule e)Most freely moveable of joints

A ligament running along the side of the knee joint is a ______.

Haversian canals contain __________.

Which of the following is LEAST likely to require arthroscopic surgery? a)Removal of a torn meniscus in the knee b)Removal of torn articular cartilage in the knee c)Repair of a torn lateral collateral ligament in the knee d)Repair of a torn ACL in the knee

This hormone decreases blood calcium levels. a)Acetylcholine b)Glucagon c)Parathormone d)Calcitonin

Which of the following characteristics of cartilage distinguishes it from most other connective tissues? a)Its extracellular matrix contains collagen b)Its predominant cell type is a mesenchymal derivative c)Its predominant cell type secretes both fibers and ground substance d)It lacks blood vessels e)It functions in mechanical support

Fibrocartilage a)Contains large numbers of elastic fibers b)Seldom contains isogenous groups of chondrocytes c)Is the cartilage type found in the epiphyses of long bones of children d)Is structurally intermediate between dense connective tissue and cartilage 3)Contains NO collagen

All of the following facilitate the distribution of nutrients and oxygen to osteocytes EXCEPT: a)Gap junctions b)Cytoplasmic extensions c)Bone matrix d)Haversian canals e)Canaliculi

Each of the following is TRUE of Volkmann's canals EXCEPT: a)They enclose extensions of osteoblasts b)They form connections between haversian canals c)They carry blood vessels d)They are found in compact bone e)They may be found in the diaphyses of adult long bones

Each of the following statements about epiphyseal plates is correct EXCEPT a)They are responsible for lengthening of long bones b)They appear only after the formation of the secondary ossification center c)They ossify prematurely in children lacking sufficient growth hormone d)They are composed mainly of elastic cartilage e)They exhibit the various stages of endochondral bone formation

a)Hyaline cartilage b)Elastic cartilage c)Fibrocartilage d)All of the above e)None of the above 1)Primary skeletal tissue in the fetus 2)Contains predominantly reticular fibers 3)No identifiable perichondrium 4)Most widely distributed cartilage type in the body

a)Hyaline cartilage b)Elastic cartilage c)Fibrocartilage d)All of the above e)None of the above 5)Contains abundant collagen 6)Is yellowish when fresh 7)Articular cartilage 8)Predominant cartilage type in the external ear

a)Hyaline cartilage b)Elastic cartilage c)Fibrocartilage d)All of the above e)None of the above 9)Found in the intervertebral disk 10)Chondrocytes differentiate from fibroblasts or fibroblast-like cells 11)Cartilage of epiphyseal plates 12)Derives from mesenchyme

The matrix of connective tissue is composed of: a. cells, fibers and ground substance b. cells and fibers c. fibers and ground substance d. cells and ground substance

These cells are located in bone tissue: a. chondroblasts b. osteocytes c. fibroblasts d. chondrocytes

The small holes in which some connective tissue cells reside are termed: a. b. c. d. lumen lamellae Lacunae lamaze

Which of the following suffixes implies "growth" or "formation": a. -blast b. -lemma c. -stasis d. -cyte

A tissue viewed under the microscope displays cells in little holes, densely packed fibers and no blood vessels. This describes: a. dense regular connective tissue b. hyaline cartilage c. fibrocartilage d. adipose tissue

The dense connective tissue covering outer surface of bone diaphyses is termed a) perichondrium b) periosteum c) endosteum d) exofibrium e) articular cartilage a

The ( axial <<>> appendicular ) skeleton is built for support

Concentric rings of bone in the Haversian system are called ( lacunae <<>> lamellae )

Cancellous bone makes bone ( heavy <<>> light ). It functions to hold the hematopoietic, or ( blood-forming <<>> bone-forming ) tissue and is then called red marrow

By far, most of the weight of bone is due to the ( bone cells <<>> matrix)

Red bone marrow is found in greatest amounts in ( long <<>> short ) bones

Most blood enters and exits a bone via ( Volkmann’s canals <<>> Nutrient foramina)

Most bone formation in the body develops by ( intra membranous <<>> cartilaginous ) formation

The primary ossification center of a long bone is always in the ( epiphysis <<>> diaphysis ) of the bone

A phagocytic cell, which destroys part of the matrix of cartilage so it can be invaded by blood vessels and other cells, is called the ( osteoclast <<>> chondroclast)

Bone cells are typically found in the ( canaliculi <<>> lacunae ) of an Haversian system

Appositional bone growth involves growth from the ( perichondrium <<>> periosteum)

Since the ( epiosteum <<>> periosteum ) is the outermost portion of a long bone, the inner most edge is called the ( endosteum <<>> compact portion ).

The ( axial <<>> appendicular ) skeleton protects the brain, lungs and spinal cord

Hemopoiesis occurs mainly in ( medullary <<>> epiphyseal ) cavities of long bones, and spongy bone of flat bones

Calcitonin ( increases <<>> decreases ) calcium levels in the blood while parahormone ( increases <<>> decreases ) calcium levels in the blood.

(Trabeculae <<>> Volkmann's canals ) are a component of spongy bone

A freely movable joint is a ( synarthrosis <<>> diarthrosis)

A(n) ( amphiarthrosis <<>> synarthrosis ) is a immovable joint.

The hip and shoulder joints are examples of ( hinge <<>> ball-andsocket ) joints.

The joints between the individual bones of the tarsals are ( gliding <<>> saddle ) joints

Forward movement of most of the body parts is called ( flexion <<>> extension)

Synovial fluid is made by the synovial membrane; the latter is continuous with the ( ligaments <<>> Periosteum ) attached to the bone.

(Pivot <<>> Ball-and-socket ) joints exist between the axis and atlas and between the radial notch and the head of the radius

Gliding <<>> Condyloid ) joints exist ( between individual bones of the carpals.

The joint between the first metacarpal of the hand the trapezium of the carpals is a ( hinge <<>> saddle ) joint

Holding your pen as your write your notes is an example of ( abduction <<>> opposition ) of your finger and thumb

Movement in a circular motion that describes the open part of a cone is called ( rotation <<>> circumduction)

Turning-type motion is called ( abduction <<>> rotation ).

Movement in one plane only, i. e. , backward and forward, is allowed at ( hinge <<>> condyloid ) joints

Pulling your shoulders back when standing straight indicates ( adduction <<>> retraction ) of your shoulders

Increasing the angle at a joint is ( flexion <<>> extension)

§ § A) Temporal Bones B) Sphenoid C) Lacrimal bones D) Maxillae § 1) These very small bones are at the medial border of each eye. § 2) Failure of these anterior bones to fuse causes a condition known as cleft palate. § 3) This bone houses the apparatus of the inner and middle ear. § 4) This bone is wing‑shaped and extends behind the eyes and forms part of the floor of the cranial vault. § 5) The bones that contain teeth § 6) This bone has a pasageway into the nasal cavity. § 7) The sella turcica is a portion of this bone.

§ § A) Coccyx B) Lumbar vertebrae C) Atlas D) Thoracic vertebrae § 1)Thickest centrum with short blunt spinous processes § 2)Fused rudimentary tailbone § 3)A circle of bone that articulates superiorly with the occipital condyles § 4) These bones have articular facets for the ribs. § 5) Allows the head to nod eyes

T or F: All of the bones of the skull, except the mandible, are united by sutures and are therefore immovable.

T or F: The foramen magnum goes through the occipital bone.

T or F: The vertebral column is held in place primarily by the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments.

T or F: Costal cartilages join most ribs to the sternum.

T or F: The tubercle of a rib articulates with the transverse process of a vertebra.

T or F: The term vertebrochondral ribs refers to ribs that attach to each other before they attach to the sternum.

T or F: In the anatomical position, the lateral forearm bone is the radius.

T or F: The vomer forms part of the nasal septum.

T or F: The lacrimal bones contain openings that allow the tear ducts to pass.

T or F: There are seven cervical, twelve thoracic, and five lumbar vertebrae.

T or F: All vertebrae possess a body, a spine, and transverse foramina.

T or F: The dens articulates with the axis.

T or F: The master gland of the body (pituitary gland) is housed in a saddlelike depression in the temporal bone called the sella turcica.

T or F: The ischium articulates with both the ilium and the pubis.

1) A structure found on the femur is the ____. A) anterior crest B) malleolus C) linea aspera D) apex

Which forms the major portion of the coxal bone? A) ischium B) pubis C) ilium D) pelvic

The inferiormost part of the sternum is the ____. A) xiphoid process B) body C) manubrium D) ala

The membranous areas between the cranial bones of the fetal skull are called ____. A) areolas B) foramina C) sutures D) fontanels

The axial skeleton contains ____. A) the skull, vertebral column, and pelvis B) arms, legs, hands, and feet C) the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage D) shoulder and pelvic girdles

The ethmoid bone is composed of all of the following except the ____. A) superior nasal concha B) crista galli C) cribriform plate D) inferior nasal concha

Only the ____ vertebra does not have a body. A) last lumbar B) axis C) atlas D) last cervical

The suture that connects the two parietal bones together is the ____. A) coronal B) sagittal C) lambdoid D) squamosal

The pituitary gland is housed in the ____. A) vomer bone B) sinuses of the ethmoid C) sella turcica of the sphenoid D) foramen lacerum

The hyoid bone is unique because ____. A) it is the only bone of the body that does not articulate with any other bone B) it is shaped like a plow C) it is covered with mucosa D) it has no specific function

Along with support, the broad anterior ligament of the vertebral column also acts to ____. A) hold the discs in place B) prevent hyperextension of the spine C) hold the spine erect D) protect the spinal cord

The major function of the intervertebral discs is to ____. A) absorb shock B) string the vertebrae together C) prevent injuries D) prevent hyperextension

All of the following facial bones are paired except one. Which of the following is the unpaired facial bone? A) palatine B) lacrimal C) vomer D) maxillae

Paranasal sinuses are found in which of these facial bones? A) zygomatic B) nasal conchae C) vomer D) maxillae

Which of the following is an abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column often seen in the thoracic region? A) kyphosis B) scoliosis C) lordosis D) swayback

Which part of the vertebral column receives the most stress by bearing most of the weight of the body? A) the sacrum B) the cervical region C) the lumbar region D) the sacral promontory

Thoracic vertebrae T 2 through T 8 differ from the others in that ____. A) they have no transverse processes B) they have superior and inferior demifacets C) they have transverse foramina D) they have no intervertebral discs

The major function of the axial skeleton is to ____. A) give the body resilience B) provide an attachment point for muscles that allow movement C) provide central support for the body and protect internal organs D) provide a space for the heart and lungs

The antebrachium is composed of which of the following two bones? A) the radius and the ulna B) the humerus and the clavicle C) the scapula and the clavicle D) the humerus and the radius

The true wrist or carpus consists of ____. A) a group of eight short bones united by ligaments B) the phalanges C) the styloid processes of the radius and ulna D) the metacarpals

The short bone that attaches to the third metacarpal is the ____. A) trapezoid B) hamate C) capitate D) triquetral

The bone in direct contact with the first metatarsal (big toe) is the ____. A) medial cuneiform B) lateral cuneiform C) cuboid D) calcaneus

The skull bone that the foramen magnum passes through is the ____. A) atlas B) axis C) occipital D) parietal

The middle nasal concha is part of which bone? A) maxilla B) zygomatic C) nasal D) ethmoid

The superior nasal concha is a part of which bone? A) vomer B) ethmoid C) sphenoid D) maxilla

The following is not a structure found on the ischium. A) superior ramus B) inferior ramus C) lesser sciatic notch D) superior body

The tibia is in contact with which tarsus? A) calcaneus B) cuboid C) navicular D) talus

The heel bone is called the ____.

The medial condyle of the femur articulates with the medial condyle of the ____.

The largest foramen in the body is the ____ foramen.

The styloid process of the ____ points to the thumb.

The ____ is the primary bone in the septum of the nose.

Your cheek is composed of the ____ bone.

Example Open Questions

How are the pectoral and pelvic girdles structurally different? How is this difference reflected in their functions? Answer: The pectoral girdle moves freely across the thorax and allows the upper limb a high degree of mobility, while the pelvic girdle is secured to the axial skeleton to provide strength and support.

Which are the four major sutural bones and between which bones are they found? Answer: 1. Coronal parietal and frontal 2. Sagittal between the parietal bones 3. Squamous parietal and temporal 4. Lambdoidal parietal and occipital

If the hyoid bone is not attached to another bone why is it so important? Answer: The hyoid acts as an attachment point for muscles in the throat region to connect the muscles in the lower jaw region. It allows for the muscles to make a right angle at the junction of the lower jaw and throat. The hyoid serves as a movable base for the tongue and its horns are attachment points for neck muscles that raise and lower the larynx during speech and swallowing.

What is the purpose of the articular processes of the vertebrae? Answer: These processes (superior and inferior) allow the vertebral column to flex forward some, but lock the vertebrae if the column is flexed back. In a fourlegged animal, such as a horse, these processes allow the back to remain in place while you ride it.

1. List four groups of bones based upon their shapes, and name an example from each group. a. Long bones—femur and humerus b. Short bones—tarsals and carpals c. Flat bones—ribs, scapulae, and bones of the skull d. Irregular bones—vertebrae and many facial bones

Sketch a typical long bone, and label its epiphyses, diaphysis, medullary cavity, periosteum, and articular cartilages. See figure 7. 2, page 183.

3. Distinguish between spongy and compact bone. Compact bone is comprised of tightly packed tissue that is strong, solid, and resistant to bending. Spongy bone consists of numerous branching bony plates. Irregular interconnected spaces occur between these plates, thus reducing the weight of the bone.

Explain how central canals and perforating canals are related. Central canals (Haversian canals) contain one or two small blood vessels and a nerve, surrounded by loose connective tissue. These vessels provide nourishment for the bone cells associated with the osteonic canals. The osteonic canals run longitudinally. Perforating canals (Volkmann’s canals) run transversely and contain larger blood vessels and nerves by which the vessels and nerves in osteonic canals communicate with the surface of the bone and the medullary cavity.

Distinguish between osteoblasts and osteocytes. Osteoblasts are boneforming cells. Osteocytes are mature bone cells surrounded by matrix.

Explain the function of an epiphyseal plate. The epiphyseal plate is a band of cartilage that is left between the primary and secondary ossification centers. This plate includes rows of young cells that are undergoing mitosis and producing new cells. As the epiphyseal plate thickens due to the new cells, bone length is increased.

Describe the functions of red and yellow bone marrow. Red marrow functions in the formation of red blood cells, white blood cells, and blood platelets. Its red color is derived from the oxygen-carrying pigment hemoglobin. Yellow marrow functions in fat storage and is inactive in blood cell production

Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeletons. The axial skeleton consists of the bones that make up the skull, the hyoid bone, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage. The appendicular skeleton consists of the pectoral girdle, the bones that comprise the upper and lower limbs, and the pelvic girdle.