Review Chp 24 1 Civil Rights Movement 2

Review Chp 24: 1

Civil Rights Movement 2

(2) Harry Truman • • • Established Committee on Civil Rights to report on conditions of African Americans and make recommendations for changes. Desegregated the armed services and executive departments of national government (3) With so many military bases in Georgia, the state was strongly affected by this change. Soldiers lived and worked together, but could not socialize in public off base. 3

(4) Dixiecrat In 1948, when the Democratic Party called for full civil rights for African Americans, many whites left forming the State’s Rights Democratic Party. 4

(6) Significant Dates • • • 1915 - grandfather clause unconstitutional 1917 - city and state governments could not pass laws to set up separate housing zones by race. 1946 - White Primary is unconstitutional giving. Provided people with color more political influence. • 1950’s- Brown v Board 5

(7) Minimum Foundation Program • • • Gave 3% sales tax to improve the quality of schools. Blacks schools were given more money than white schools. Established by Herman Talmadge to ensure black students would not be admitted into white-only schools. 6

(8) NAACP ● ● National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Fought discrimination through the court system. Nation's oldest, largest and most widely recognized civil rights organization. More than half-million members and supporters throughout the World Members included: MLK, Rosa Parks, and Andrew Young 7

(9) Brown vs. Board of Education • Based on the argument that black children were getting an unequal education (teacher pay, buildings, classrooms, and textbooks were inferior) • NAACP also brought in research stating segregation had a negative impact on the psychological and social well being of children. • The Supreme Court ruled “separate but equal schools are inherently unequal’’ and the 1954 Linda Brown, a black student, tried very act of requiring separation was to enroll in an all-white school in unequal. Topeka, Kansas and she was denied enrollment • The Supreme Court ordered racial integration of schools “with deliberate speed. ” 8

• (10) • • Separate but Equal was enacted with the Plessy v Ferguson case in 1896. Ended with Brown v Board in 1954 58 years in court, but even longer in many Southern states. 9

(11) Georgia’s Response to Brown v Board ● 1953 - Georgia’s General Assembly passed an amendment allowing the state to close down the public school system. Private schools would remain segregated and the government would provided tuition vouchers to white families. ● White politicians called for protection of white supremacy and state’s rights. ● Resurrgence of the KKK 10

(11) State Flag of 1956 ● As an outward sign of protest, the Georgia Assembly changed the state flag to include the Confederate battle flag (St. Andrew’s Cross) ● The flag wasn’t changed until 2001 ● Caused Georgia to lose millions of dollars in tourism. Miller/Barnes 11

(12) White fear of Civil Rights • • • Fear of Change Raised in the Jim Crow system and believed it was the natural order of things Job competition 12

(13) View on School Integration • • HOPE (Help Our Public Education) was formed by mothers who believed closing school was wrong Business leaders believed such defiance to the Supreme Court ruling would damage our city’s image bringing less business and investment. 13

(14)The Sibley Commision ● 1960 - After the Brown vs Board court decision to desegregate schools, Georgia’s governor, Ernest Vandiver, pushed legislation to form this committee to gather how Georgia’s residents felt about the desegrgation of schools. ● State leaders passed a law to cut off state funding to schools who desegregate. 10 hearings were held across the state ● 60% of Georgians claimed that they would rather close the public schools than to integrate. Urban leaders were opposed to closure, whites were for it. ● The commission recommended the choice of school closures should be left up to the local school boards. Final Outcome: ● Governor Vandiver repealed the law cutting funds to desegregated schools to show acceptance of the Supreme Court decision ● The Sibley Commission helped prevent the violence others experienced, but provided tactics school boards could use to slow desegregation. 14

(15) When did schools in Georgia integrate? • • 1961 - the city of Atlanta desegregated it schools In other places, it took longer. The whole state did NOT desegregate schools at the same time. 15

(16) 1961 - Desegregating UGA ● Despite being ideal candidates, two African American students applied to the Univeristy of Georgia but were not accepted. ● They continued to apply, but were denied each time. ● They took their case to federal court and won. ● They faced a riot upon arriving on campus. ● Both graduated from UGA, though not treated well by their peers, they were never in physical danger after the riot. (17) Charlayne Hunter: ● Graduated from Henry W. Grady school of Journalism at UGA ● Became nationally accredited newspaper and public TV reporter (NY Times)(PBS) ● Graduated in 1963 (17) Hamilton Holmes: ● Orthopaedic Surgeon ● Graduated with honors ● In 1963 went to Emory University( the 1 st African American to do so) 16

Civil Rights Movement Chapter 24: Section 2 17

Montgomery Bus Boycott ● After Rosa Parks arrest for sitting in the white section of the bus, Civil Rights leaders asked all African Americans to boycott the Montgomery public bus system. ● Citizens sacrificed finding alternative transportation to protest peacefully ● The boycott lasted one year causing the city to lose revenue since 75% of bus riders were African American. ● The case went to the US Supreme Court where it ruled that segregation on public transportation was unconstitutional. ● The Bus Boycott started December 4, 1955, and ended December 21, 1956 African Americans agreed to continue the boycott until their demands were met, which were: 1) Africans American passengers were to be treated with courtesy 2) African American drivers would be assigned to mostly black routes 3) That seating would be served on a first come, first served basis 18

William B. Hartsfield ● Mayor of Atlanta during 1940’s-1950’s creating Hartsfield Airport and interstate system. ● Wanted to work on race relations gradually. ● Created the image of “The City too Busy to Hate” ● Built a biracial coalition that was useful at the beginning of the civil rights movement ● Helped the city PEACEFULLY integrate its public schools 19

Martin Luther King • Georgia native • Father was minister at Ebenezer Baptist Church • Believed in nonviolence • Instrumental in ending segregation and racial equality • Led countless peaceful strikes, protests, and movements • Founded the SCLC • Won Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 20

• • Southern Christian Leadership Conference Planned and coordinated the movement Held Citizenship Schools: taught non-violent methods of the movement. Three goals of the SCLC -White Americans not to standby while wrongs were being committed against the black community -Black Americans were encouraged to seek justice and reject all injustice -Non-violence Motto: Not one hair of one head of one white person shall be harmed. 21

Andrew Young ● Minister who was active in Civil Rights Movement and close friend of MLK ● In 1961, he joined the SCLC organizing “citizenship schools” and voter registration drives. ● Participated in the following Movements: Albany, Birmingham, Selma and March on Washington, D. C. ● 1972 - Georgia’s first African American Congressman since Reconstruction ● 1977 - Appointed by Jimmy Carter as ambassador of the United Nations ● Elected mayor of Atlanta in 1981: economic development and Olympic Committee 22

Benjamin Mays • President of Morehouse college and role model and mentor to “Morehouse Men” • Became the first African American to serve on the Board of Education • Believed segregation was against America’s true principles • Supported the civil rights movement as long as it was nonviolent and accepting of whites as well as blacks. 23

• Sit-ins A type of demonstration where people enter a public building and refuse to leave until they are served or their demands are met. • • Students held sit-ins throughout the city of Atlanta including lunch counters. Rich’s Department Store 24

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ● Major Civil Rights organization made up of high school and college students. ● They worked with the Southern Christian Leadrship Conference to organize peaceful protests like sit-ins and freedom rides ● They focused in Atlanta and Albany and was at the forefront of the Albany Movement. 25

John Lewis • • Born to sharecroppers 1960’s active in sit-ins to protest Jim Crow Laws and Freedom Rides Chairman of SNCC 1963 - Keynote speaker at March on Washington 1965 - Led 600 marchers in Selma on “Bloody Sunday” Atlanta City Council Elected to U. S. Congress in 1986 and still serves today. 26

Freedom Rides • After segregation of interstate travel was banned, groups of students would test the policy by riding integrated buses through the deep south including Georgia, Louisiana, and Alabama. Ended due to violent attacks. 27

The Albany Movement ● Albany, GA ● Fall of 1961 - summer of 1962 ● Members of the SNCC and the local community began to protest the segregationist policies of the city of Albany, Georgia. ● The group was met with massive resistance from whites and police with more than 1, 000 protestors sent to jail including MLK, Jr. ● The protesters performed civil disobedience by sitting in the white section of the Albany bus station. ● White leadership refused to consider any of the movement's demands and the protest was considered a failure, but an important learning experience for the rest of the Civil Rights Movement. ● Albany was desegregated 1 year later. 28

March on Washington • 1963 • March for jobs and freedom • Over 250, 000 gathered making it the largest demonstration seen in our nation’s capital. • Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr gave his speech- I Have a Dream • This march led to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 29

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ● President JFK planned and asked congress to pass the bill, but he was assassinated before it became a law ● Lyndon B. Johnson became president and carried out the bill. ● Civil Rights Act of 1964: Forbade discrimination on the basis of race and sex in hiring, promoting, and firing. It also made the segrgation of public places illegal. 30

● ● Lester Maddox Governor of Georgia in 1966 Owner of a segregated restaurant The state’s last overtly segregationist governor Ironically appointed more African Americans to state boards and commissions than all prior Governors combined ● Extras: -Reformed state prisons and integrated the Georgia State Patrol -Increased spending on teacher salaries and higher education 31

Voting Right Act of 1965 • • • Made literacy tests and other methods of disenfranchisement illegal. Any changes to state voting laws had to be approved by the US Justice Department. Federal registrars oversaw voting registration and the voting process 32

Ivan Allen ● Ordered the removal of colored and whites signs on first day in office. ● Elected mayor of Atlanta in 1962 defeating Lester Maddox ● Removed restrictions on African American policeman and hired African American fire fighters ● Desegregated hotels and restaurants ● Worked with MLK to make the city’s transition into desegregation smooth 33

Maynard Jackson • In 1973, he became Atlanta’s first black mayor at the age of 35 and served 3 terms. • He was the first black mayor of a major southern city. ● Promoted black-owned businesses ● Added more black police officers to Atlanta’s police force ● Worked with Andrew Young to bring the Olympics to Atlanta ● Completed the new terminal at Harstfield Jackson Airport 34

Civil Rights Summary Review 35

Quotes “justice rolls down like water, and righteousness like a mighty stream. ” • Martin Luther King Jr. • On Christianity as the moral anchor for the Civil Rights Movement. 36

Quotes • • “time had come for the nation to fulfill its promise. ” John F. Kennedy On his support for the Civil Rights Bill. 37

Quotes • • “ashamed for myself and the responsible citizens of Georgia that this occurrence took place in our state. ” Governor Carl Sanders In response to the murder of Lieutenant Lemuel Penn by the KKK. 38

Quotes “This is going to be a battle, all out as far as I am concerned. ” • Lyndon B. Johnson • On the murder of Reverend Reeb and Viola Liuzzo by the KKK and his assurance to push through the Voting Rights Act of 1965. 39

Outcomes 40

1. Montgomery Bus Boycott • Impacted the local economy forcing the city to meet the protest demands and integrate the public transportation system 2. Albany Movement • The protest was meet with massive white resistance and hundreds were jailed bringing the movement to an end. Considered a failure by MLK, but also a valuable learning experience to further aid the movement. 3. Voting Rights Act of 1965 • • • Black voters had influence on white candidates and recruiting minority candidates to office. Leroy Johnson- 1 st African American to state legislature since 1907 8 African Americans elected to the Georgia House Two black state senators African Americans joined local level government as well 41

MLK- I Have a Dream • • “I have a dream that one day on the red of hills of Georgia sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. ” “Let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia. ” 42

Racial Injustice in the Court System • • • Georgia’s state legislature passed laws to ensure desegregation never occurred, despite the Supreme Court ruling of Brown v Board. The killer of Medger Evers was aquitted twice by all white juries. (later a mixed race jury found him guilty) An all white jury acquitted the two men charged with the murder of Lieutenant Colonel Lemuel Penn. 43