Review Air Pollution Ozone Depletion Climate Change Climate

Review Air Pollution Ozone Depletion Climate Change

• Climate vs Weather • What causes seasons • Atmosphere Layers – Exo Temp going up: Colder • Satellites, next to outer space – Thermo Warmer • Thickest layer, ionosphere – northern lights – Meso • Meteorites burn up – Strato • Good ozone Colder Warmer – Tropo • Lowest, weather, bad ozone Colder

• % increase formula Difference x 100 Original What is percent increase if ozone pollution was 20 ppm in 2007 and 80 ppm in 2017? 80 – 20 x 100 20 = 60 X 100 20 = 3 X 100 = 300%

• Albedo • Rain shadow effect • Coriolis effect – 6 air convection cells 60 30 • Hadley, ferrel, polar cells – Where are deserts usually found – Rising air / Falling air – Ocean currents – transfer heat & nutrients • Thermohaline • Upwellings • El Nino – ENSO 0

• El Nino – ENSO – Effects – Weakened Trade Winds – Suppress upwellings • Poor fishing – Change weather patterns • Warmer wetter in US • Dry in Japan, Australia

Outdoor Air Pollutants • Clean Air Act – 1970 Wet scrubber Electrostatic precipitator – Regulates 6 criteria air pollutants • • • SO 2 NOx CO PM Pb O 3 – Other important • VOC • CO 2 • Mercury Know for all: 1. Sources: anthropogenic & Natural 2. Effects: human & Environment 3. How to reduce Secondary pollutants Acid deposition: source & effect Photochemical Smog – mainly O 3 Formula, when/where is it worse Effect London (Grey or Industrial) Smog Source Effect

Indoor pollutants – VOC • Formaldehyde, gas, solvents, glue, new construction, paint • Natural sources: plants, animals, mold – Asbestos – CO – PM – Smoke – Radon ? ? Know for all: 1. Sources 2. Effects 3. How to reduce • Cause more deaths? Where • Developed vs Developing countries • Sick building syndrome

Differentiate Ozone, O 3 • Stratospheric – Protective, natural process • Absorbs UV radiation – splitting & reforming • Tropospheric – Pollutant, man-made • Photochemical smog: Sunlight + VOC + NOx – Secondary Pollutant – not directly from burning fossil fuels • Acts as a greenhouse gas • Ozone depletion – in STRATOSPHERE – Cause – understand formulas • Natural • With CFC’s – Effect – Where & when the worst – Treaty

• Green house effect – Describe nature Green house effect • In terms of UV and IR (heat) radiation – What layer of atmosphere • Green house gases – H 2 O – CO 2 – CH 4 – N 2 O – CFC – O 3 Know sources for each Which is: 1. Most abundant - main driver for natural 2. Main driver for man-made (accelerated) 3. More potent / effective at absorbing IR Why aren’t these causing the most warming 4. Only has anthropogenic source

Natural Sources of Green House Gases • Volcanoes – Gases released – Overall effect • Cooling • Combustion reactions (gas, sugar, methane, etc) – Hydrocarbon + O 2 → ? + ? CO 2 • Decomposition – Aerobic (with O 2) → ? CH 4 – Anaerobic, (no O 2) → ? • Evaporation & Transpiration

Anthropogenic Sources of G. H. gases • Burning Fossil Fuels • Extracting Fossil Fuels • Agriculture • Deforestation • Landfills • Industrial Chemicals

Feedback Loops – Positive – Negative • • • Ice melting Permafrost melting More water vapor – clouds forming Faster decomposition More CO 2 – plants grow faster

Global Climate Change • Consequences

Climate Change • IPCC - 1988 • Kyoto Protocol – 1997 • Paris Climate Agreement - 2015