Return of Chinese Rule Ming China 1368 1644

Return of Chinese Rule Ming China 1368 -1644

DEFINING CHARACTERISTICS • Confucianism Returns • Examination System • Scholar Class Mobility through merit • Powerful Military Best seafaring vessels One of the largest land empires

DEFINING CHARACTERISTICS • Urban Revival • Rebuilding of the Forbidden • Beijing Early attempts at Exploration City… Zheng He Areas of Exploration 1390 Chinese govt. restricts explorations 1430

I- Political Characteristics A- Emperor moved the government to Beijing 1 -Forbidden city was expanded B- Revival of the examination system 1 - Stayed in place until the 20 th c. 2 - exams were largely unchanged C- Large armies 1 - firearms not as advanced as the west 5

II- ECONOMY • A- Comerical Activity was very strong • merchants still had low status in society • confined merchants to one port- Macao • B- Technological innovation was lacking during the Ming • Many inventions from earlier Chinese times were adapted and improved by Europeans • Gunpowder and movable type printing • Chinese did not adapt the improved technology and therefore would lag behind 6

TRADE AND CULTURE • A- Voyages of Zheng He 7

Ming then Qing Dynasties 8

Jesuit influence in China 9

Rise of the Manchus (Qing Dynasty)

RISE OF THE MANCHUS (QING DYNASTY) • 1644 -1911 • People from the North • Open up trade with Europe— Limited • Importance of Tea Canton • Boom of Port Cites… Dynarchy • Government Structure…

Tokugawa Shogunate 16031868

Emergence of Tokugawa -End of 1500 s – Japan nears anarchy -Ashikaga Shogunate declines; clan wars begin -3 Lords emerge to fight for control -Tokugawa emerges and claims Shogunate in 1603 Tokugawa Ieyasu

GREAT PEACE • Feudal wars stopped • Unites the daimyo = National unification • New capital at Edo (Tokyo)… Emperor in Kyoto • More centralized: Shogun’s twin responsibilities Ruling figure & in charge of own domain 1/4 of Japan • Samurai take on administrative duties • Confucianism reemerges to dominate bureaucratic and intellectual life.

Economic Changes -Rise in commerce and manufacturing -Banking and common currency -Rise of merchant class -Regional sea trade 15

Initial period of openness with West - curiosity about the world - Gunpowder tech. introduced by Portuguese - used by Shogun to defeat rivals - Shogunate would limit production 16

-Presence of Christian missionaries -efforts led by Jesuits; Francis Xavier -most conversions in southern islands 17

Japan Emerges as an “External Society” • Self Imposed Isolation 1612: Expelling of Christian Missionaries 1644: Christianity banned - triggered closing of trade relations with the west

Commercial Isolation • Only Dutch Merchants were permitted • Dutch did little to spread Christianity • Only Nagasaki Harbor • Japanese merchants confined to cities and China

Cultural Isolation - Western books were banned - Restricted travel abroad Travel - Rejected idea: “New technology is always good technology” 20

WHY ISOLATION? • Fear of outside ideas • Samurai Culture = warrior dominance • Island Geography • Shinto beliefs - uniquely Japanese

Voyages of St. Francis Xavier 22