Restoration Colonies 1630 Maryland est by George Calvert

Restoration Colonies 1630: Maryland - est. by George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) and Ceclius Calvert (his son) - were Catholic and came to America to claim land given to them by King James I (commercial/religious venture) - Proprietary colony - Religious toleration * est. under the belief that Protestants and Catholics could live together (though the Protestants were supposed to work as servants to the Catholics, Protestants quickly became the more powerful majority) * Religious Toleration Act of 1649 (also know as the “Act Concerning Religion”) – protected the Catholic minority, but also caused conflict

Restoration Colonies 1630: Maryland - Used headright system, - large land grants from indentured servants and proprietors established a powerful land aristocracy slaves to cultivate tobacco - instability in MD came from warfare among settlers rather than from conflict with natives Major cities: Baltimore, Annapolis By the late 1700 s, the port city of Baltimore had over 13, 000 people.

Restoration Colonies 1663: The Carolinas - Charles II gave the land to 8 nobles * allowed him to count on them to support the Crown’s commercial goals, the Anglican church (Church of England), and the divine right of kings * disputes over the est. of the Anglican Church prevented the election of officials for 2 years and later resulted in a split of the two colonies

- People were drawn by the promise of political freedom * John Locke helped create a plan for settlement based on a hierarchal form of social organization (it failed) * called Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina - northern and southern regions remained separate * fertile lands and good harbors were found in the South * slaves were brought in to work the fields of rice (cash crop) * by 1700 the slaves outnumbered the Europeans * farmers revolted against any type of control * North and South Carolina were eventually split in 1729

Restoration Colonies 1664: New York - Charles II granted his brother, James II Duke of York, the Dutch land of New Netherland - Able to officially claim the land once the English captured New Amsterdam (present-day NYC) - Renamed it New York * colony had a diverse population and allowed for religious toleration and a democratic-style government 1674: New Jersey - land south of New York given to John Berkley and George Cateret * very ethnically and religiously diverse

Restoration Colonies 1681: Pennsylvania - est. by William Penn (land given to him as payment from Charles II) - was a Society of Friends member (Quakers) and saw this land as a place for his “holy experiment” * claimed all people were capable of achieving salvation (rejection of Puritanism) * pacifists * saw oath-taking as sinful, rejected slavery, had no organized clergy and no sacraments, had positive relations with Native Americans, gender equality * this was seen as radical, threatening to Protestants/Catholics - part of Pennsylvania eventually became Delaware in 1701

Restoration Colonies 1733: Georgia - founded by James Oglethorpe (named for King George II) - “worthy” poor were sent as settlers - was intended to serve as a buffer between the colonies and Sp. Florida - Savannah was most important port city

Spanish Florida Spain had an established empire throughout the southeastern portion of US and into central and South America. Largest colonies were: - Florida - Texas - New Mexico (wealthiest) - Arizona - California Conflict occurred between English settlers, Native Americans over land/resources/trade/religion

Caribbean

Caribbean More than 50% of English colonists settled in Caribbean islands Large native populations Surrounded by Spanish territory (Cuba, Hispanola, Puerto Rico) Economy based on sugar (slave-based plantation system) Most important English islands were: 1. Jamaica 2. Barbados 3. St. Kitts 5. Antigua