Responsibility of stakeholders for voltage dips Math Bollen

Responsibility of stakeholders for voltage dips Math Bollen Energy Markets Inspectorate Eskilstuna, Sweden

Frankfurt (Germany), 6 -9 June 2011 Residual voltage The compatibility gap Immunity of installations and processes Continuity of supply regulation Math Bollen – Sweden – S 2 a Duration of the dip

Frankfurt (Germany), 6 -9 June 2011 Bridging the gap – immunity p CIGRE/CIRED/UIE working group C 4. 110 n Process immunity time as a tool for improving the immunity of an industrial process Equipment with higher immunity is slowly entering the market p Fault-ride-through for wind turbines p p No developments in standardization Math Bollen – Sweden – S 2 a

Frankfurt (Germany), 6 -9 June 2011 Bridging the gap - emission p p p EMC directive: the power system is an installation Voltage dips are emission by the power system to the customer No IEC standards on voltage-dip emission EN 50160 gives no information either European regulators took up the issue in their ”voltage quality conclusion paper” Math Bollen – Sweden – S 2 a

Frankfurt (Germany), 6 -9 June 2011 Residual voltage Responsibility sharing curve Installations should tolerate these dips Voltage-quality regulation Math Bollen – Sweden – S 2 a Duration of the dip

Frankfurt (Germany), 6 -9 June 2011 South Africa 85% 80% 70% 0. 15 s Math Bollen – Sweden – S 2 a 0. 6 s

Frankfurt (Germany), 6 -9 June 2011 France 70% 0. 6 s Math Bollen – Sweden – S 2 a

Frankfurt (Germany), 6 -9 June 2011 Working group C 4. 110 80% 70% Class C Class A 50% 40% 0. 2 s Math Bollen – Sweden – S 2 a 0. 5 s 1 s 2 s

Frankfurt (Germany), 6 -9 June 2011 Residual voltage Voltage dips: Swedish regulation Installations should tolerate these dips A reasonable number of dips is acceptable Math Bollen – Sweden – S 2 a Dips are unacceptable Duration of the dip

Frankfurt (Germany), 6 -9 June 2011 How to choose the curves? p Dips, up to 45 k. V n p Dips, above 45 k. V n p CIGRE/CIRED/UIE working group C 4. 110 Discussion between the stakeholders Swells, up to 1 k. V n n n Protection requirements microgeneration Highest overvoltages during earthfaults Experiments on equipment damage Math Bollen – Sweden – S 2 a

Frankfurt (Germany), 6 -9 June 2011 The resulting limits 90% 80% 70% 40% Red: above 45 k. V Green: 45 k. V and less 0. 2 s Math Bollen – Sweden – S 2 a 0. 5 s 1 s 5 s 60 s

Frankfurt (Germany), 6 -9 June 2011 What is a reasonable number of events? South Africa: 95% of sites p France: comparing with previous years p Sweden p n n comparing with similar networks elsewhere In case of a disagreement the network operator has to convince the regulator that the number of dips is reasonable Experience with this to be gained in the coming years Area B is also to be defined in contracts

Frankfurt (Germany), 6 -9 June 2011 Stakeholder Responsibility p Network Operator n n p Prevent dips in Area C Limit the number of dips in Area B Customer n n Process to be immute to dips in Area A Impact of dips in Area B to be limited

Frankfurt (Germany), 6 -9 June 2011 Stakeholder Responsibility (2) p Equipment manufacturer n n p Equipment to be immune to dips in Area A Different classes of equipment immunity to cover Area B Standard-setting organisation n New standardization to cover Area A and B Consider immunity of processing, not just of equipment Consider balanced and unbalanced dips

Frankfurt (Germany), 6 -9 June 2011 What next? p Gaining experience n n n p Extending to balanced and unbalanced dips n p What is a reasonable number of events? How to do the measurements? Can simulations be used? In area B Power-quality contracts Math Bollen – Sweden – S 2 a