RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS INTRODUCTION Respiratory tract infection refers
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RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
INTRODUCTION Respiratory tract infection refers to any of a number of infectious diseases involving the respiratory tract It is classified in to 2 types they are: UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION
The upper respiratory consists Following parts tract
The lower respiratory tract consists of
ABOUT URTI Upper respiratory tract infections (URI or URTI) are the illnesses caused by an acute infection which involves the upper respiratory tract : nose, sinuses, pharynx or larynx. This commonly includes: tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, otitis media, and the common cold.
X-RAYOF URTI
ABOUT LRTI o Inflammation of the air passages within the lungs. o Trachea(windpipe), and the large & small bronchi(airways)within the lungs become inflamed because of the infection. • I t divided into 2 types : BRONCHITIS PNEMONIA
BRONCHITIS
BRONCHITIS DIVIDED INTO: A. Acute(viruses, pollutant) B. Chronic(prolonged smoking, heavy exposure to pollutants
BRONCHITIS CHEST X-RAY
PNEUMONIA
PNEMONIA CHEST X-RAY
SIGNS& SYMPTOMS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Rhinitis Pharyngitis/Tonsilitis Laryngitis(common cold) Sinusitis Ear infection Cough Sore throat Runny nose
Cntd…… 9. Headache 10. Lowgrade fever 11. Facial pressure 12. Sneezing
CAUSES VIRUSES(Rhinovirus, Coronavirus, Adenovirus). BACTERIA(Group A Strptococcus) Influenza
RISK FACTORS physical or close contact with someone with a upper respiratory infection poor hand washing after contact with an individual with upper respiratory infection; close contact with children in a group setting, schools or daycare centers; contact with groups of individuals in a closed setting, such as, traveling, tours, cruises
Cntd… smoking or second-hand smoking. health care facilities, hospitals, nursing homes.
Cntd… immunocompromised state (compromised immune system) such as, HIV, organ transplant, congenital immune defects, long term steroid use.
PATHOPYSIOLOGYOF Bacteria &Viruses Direct hand contact Droplet Enters to the nose by inhaling Immune defenses Hair lining filters and trap some pathogens URTI
Cntd… Traps in URT which coats by mucus Junction of the posterior nose to pharynx
Cntd… Impinge on the back of the throat Transport pathogens upto pharynx Inflammatory response to immune system SWELLING ERYTHMA Increasing of MUCUS SECRETION FEVER
PATHOPYSIOLOGYOF Cigarette smoking Inflammation Bradykinin, Histamine, Prostaglandin LRTI
Cntd…. Increasing capillary permeability Fluid/cellular exudation Edema of mucous membrane
Cntd…. Hypersecretion of mucus Persistant cough
DIAGNOSIS The diagnosis of upper respiratory infection is based on : 1. Symptoms, 2. Physical examination, and 3. Laboratory tests.
Cntd… o By taking bacterial cultures with nasal swab, throat swab o Evaluation of allergies, asthma o Enlarged lymphnodes and sore throat
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS o o BLOOD tests SPUTUM TESTS X-RAYs of the neck CT scan o NASAL AND THROAT SWAB
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION In physical examination of an individual with upper respiratory infection, a doctor may look for 1. swollen and redness inside wall of the nasal cavity (sign of inflammation), 2. redness of the throat, 3. enlargement of the tonsils, 4. white secretions on the tonsils , 5. enlarged lymph nodes around the head and neck, 6. redness of the eyes, and 7. facial tenderness (sinusitis). 8. Other signs may include bad breath (halitosis), cough, voice hoarseness, and fever.
TREATMENT There are 2 types of treatments they are: PHARMACOLOGICAL AND NON PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT.
NON PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT Patients should be encouraged to drink fluids prevent dehydration & possible decrease the viscosity of respiratory secretions. use of vaporization may further promote thinning & losening of RESPIRATORY SECRETIONS
PHARMACOLOGICAL TRATMENT A. NSAIDS such as (T. IBUPROFEN + T. PARACETAMOL) Dose: for adults(400 mg+325 mg) for children(100 mg+125 mg) t/d……… B. ANTIHISTAMINES such as Syp. DIPHENEDRINE Dose: (10 -20 ml) for adults for children (5 -7. 5 ml) Q 4 h
Cntd…. . 3. ANTITUSSIVES such as. Syp. ROBITUSSIN Dose: adults(10 -20 ml), children(5 -10 ml) Q 4 h. 4. STEROIDS such as T. PREDNISONE Dose: adults (5 mg), children(4 -5 mg) BD. 5. DECONGESTANTS suchas T. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE Dose: adults(60 mg), children(30 mg) TD.
Cntd… ANTIBIOTICS. 1. CIPROFLOXACIN for adults (500 mg) for children(5 o-15 omg)BD 2. AMOXICILLIN/CLAVULATE for adults (500+125 mg), for children(250_125 mg) TD 3. TETRACYLINE for adults(250_500 mg), for children(125 -250 mg
Cntd…. Rarely surgical procedures may be necessary in case of complicated sinus infections, comprised airway with difficulty in breathing
Some of respiratory the home infection? remediesfor 1. Making steam in shower by turning on the hot water (without going under it) and breathing the steamed air. 2. Drinking warm beverages (hot tea, hot chocolate, warm milk). 3. Using a vaporizer to create humidity in the room; and 4. Avoid cold, dry air if possible. 5. HONEY can be used.
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