RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS INTRODUCTION Respiratory tract infection refers

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RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS

RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS

INTRODUCTION Respiratory tract infection refers to any of a number of infectious diseases involving

INTRODUCTION Respiratory tract infection refers to any of a number of infectious diseases involving the respiratory tract It is classified in to 2 types they are: UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION

The upper respiratory consists Following parts tract

The upper respiratory consists Following parts tract

 The lower respiratory tract consists of

The lower respiratory tract consists of

ABOUT URTI Upper respiratory tract infections (URI or URTI) are the illnesses caused by

ABOUT URTI Upper respiratory tract infections (URI or URTI) are the illnesses caused by an acute infection which involves the upper respiratory tract : nose, sinuses, pharynx or larynx. This commonly includes: tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, otitis media, and the common cold.

X-RAYOF URTI

X-RAYOF URTI

ABOUT LRTI o Inflammation of the air passages within the lungs. o Trachea(windpipe), and

ABOUT LRTI o Inflammation of the air passages within the lungs. o Trachea(windpipe), and the large & small bronchi(airways)within the lungs become inflamed because of the infection. • I t divided into 2 types : BRONCHITIS PNEMONIA

 BRONCHITIS

BRONCHITIS

BRONCHITIS DIVIDED INTO: A. Acute(viruses, pollutant) B. Chronic(prolonged smoking, heavy exposure to pollutants

BRONCHITIS DIVIDED INTO: A. Acute(viruses, pollutant) B. Chronic(prolonged smoking, heavy exposure to pollutants

BRONCHITIS CHEST X-RAY

BRONCHITIS CHEST X-RAY

 PNEUMONIA

PNEUMONIA

PNEMONIA CHEST X-RAY

PNEMONIA CHEST X-RAY

SIGNS& SYMPTOMS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Rhinitis Pharyngitis/Tonsilitis Laryngitis(common cold)

SIGNS& SYMPTOMS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Rhinitis Pharyngitis/Tonsilitis Laryngitis(common cold) Sinusitis Ear infection Cough Sore throat Runny nose

Cntd…… 9. Headache 10. Lowgrade fever 11. Facial pressure 12. Sneezing

Cntd…… 9. Headache 10. Lowgrade fever 11. Facial pressure 12. Sneezing

CAUSES VIRUSES(Rhinovirus, Coronavirus, Adenovirus). BACTERIA(Group A Strptococcus) Influenza

CAUSES VIRUSES(Rhinovirus, Coronavirus, Adenovirus). BACTERIA(Group A Strptococcus) Influenza

RISK FACTORS physical or close contact with someone with a upper respiratory infection poor

RISK FACTORS physical or close contact with someone with a upper respiratory infection poor hand washing after contact with an individual with upper respiratory infection; close contact with children in a group setting, schools or daycare centers; contact with groups of individuals in a closed setting, such as, traveling, tours, cruises

Cntd… smoking or second-hand smoking. health care facilities, hospitals, nursing homes.

Cntd… smoking or second-hand smoking. health care facilities, hospitals, nursing homes.

Cntd… immunocompromised state (compromised immune system) such as, HIV, organ transplant, congenital immune defects,

Cntd… immunocompromised state (compromised immune system) such as, HIV, organ transplant, congenital immune defects, long term steroid use.

PATHOPYSIOLOGYOF Bacteria &Viruses Direct hand contact Droplet Enters to the nose by inhaling Immune

PATHOPYSIOLOGYOF Bacteria &Viruses Direct hand contact Droplet Enters to the nose by inhaling Immune defenses Hair lining filters and trap some pathogens URTI

Cntd… Traps in URT which coats by mucus Junction of the posterior nose to

Cntd… Traps in URT which coats by mucus Junction of the posterior nose to pharynx

Cntd… Impinge on the back of the throat Transport pathogens upto pharynx Inflammatory response

Cntd… Impinge on the back of the throat Transport pathogens upto pharynx Inflammatory response to immune system SWELLING ERYTHMA Increasing of MUCUS SECRETION FEVER

PATHOPYSIOLOGYOF Cigarette smoking Inflammation Bradykinin, Histamine, Prostaglandin LRTI

PATHOPYSIOLOGYOF Cigarette smoking Inflammation Bradykinin, Histamine, Prostaglandin LRTI

Cntd…. Increasing capillary permeability Fluid/cellular exudation Edema of mucous membrane

Cntd…. Increasing capillary permeability Fluid/cellular exudation Edema of mucous membrane

Cntd…. Hypersecretion of mucus Persistant cough

Cntd…. Hypersecretion of mucus Persistant cough

DIAGNOSIS The diagnosis of upper respiratory infection is based on : 1. Symptoms, 2.

DIAGNOSIS The diagnosis of upper respiratory infection is based on : 1. Symptoms, 2. Physical examination, and 3. Laboratory tests.

Cntd… o By taking bacterial cultures with nasal swab, throat swab o Evaluation of

Cntd… o By taking bacterial cultures with nasal swab, throat swab o Evaluation of allergies, asthma o Enlarged lymphnodes and sore throat

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS o o BLOOD tests SPUTUM TESTS X-RAYs of the neck CT scan

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS o o BLOOD tests SPUTUM TESTS X-RAYs of the neck CT scan o NASAL AND THROAT SWAB

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION In physical examination of an individual with upper respiratory infection, a doctor

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION In physical examination of an individual with upper respiratory infection, a doctor may look for 1. swollen and redness inside wall of the nasal cavity (sign of inflammation), 2. redness of the throat, 3. enlargement of the tonsils, 4. white secretions on the tonsils , 5. enlarged lymph nodes around the head and neck, 6. redness of the eyes, and 7. facial tenderness (sinusitis). 8. Other signs may include bad breath (halitosis), cough, voice hoarseness, and fever.

TREATMENT There are 2 types of treatments they are: PHARMACOLOGICAL AND NON PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT.

TREATMENT There are 2 types of treatments they are: PHARMACOLOGICAL AND NON PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT.

NON PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT Patients should be encouraged to drink fluids prevent dehydration & possible

NON PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT Patients should be encouraged to drink fluids prevent dehydration & possible decrease the viscosity of respiratory secretions. use of vaporization may further promote thinning & losening of RESPIRATORY SECRETIONS

PHARMACOLOGICAL TRATMENT A. NSAIDS such as (T. IBUPROFEN + T. PARACETAMOL) Dose: for adults(400

PHARMACOLOGICAL TRATMENT A. NSAIDS such as (T. IBUPROFEN + T. PARACETAMOL) Dose: for adults(400 mg+325 mg) for children(100 mg+125 mg) t/d……… B. ANTIHISTAMINES such as Syp. DIPHENEDRINE Dose: (10 -20 ml) for adults for children (5 -7. 5 ml) Q 4 h

Cntd…. . 3. ANTITUSSIVES such as. Syp. ROBITUSSIN Dose: adults(10 -20 ml), children(5 -10

Cntd…. . 3. ANTITUSSIVES such as. Syp. ROBITUSSIN Dose: adults(10 -20 ml), children(5 -10 ml) Q 4 h. 4. STEROIDS such as T. PREDNISONE Dose: adults (5 mg), children(4 -5 mg) BD. 5. DECONGESTANTS suchas T. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE Dose: adults(60 mg), children(30 mg) TD.

Cntd… ANTIBIOTICS. 1. CIPROFLOXACIN for adults (500 mg) for children(5 o-15 omg)BD 2. AMOXICILLIN/CLAVULATE

Cntd… ANTIBIOTICS. 1. CIPROFLOXACIN for adults (500 mg) for children(5 o-15 omg)BD 2. AMOXICILLIN/CLAVULATE for adults (500+125 mg), for children(250_125 mg) TD 3. TETRACYLINE for adults(250_500 mg), for children(125 -250 mg

Cntd…. Rarely surgical procedures may be necessary in case of complicated sinus infections, comprised

Cntd…. Rarely surgical procedures may be necessary in case of complicated sinus infections, comprised airway with difficulty in breathing

Some of respiratory the home infection? remediesfor 1. Making steam in shower by turning

Some of respiratory the home infection? remediesfor 1. Making steam in shower by turning on the hot water (without going under it) and breathing the steamed air. 2. Drinking warm beverages (hot tea, hot chocolate, warm milk). 3. Using a vaporizer to create humidity in the room; and 4. Avoid cold, dry air if possible. 5. HONEY can be used.